TES-TI uses specific electrode arrangement patterns to selectively stimulate the brain. Participants will wear an hdEEG (high density electroencephalography) cap which will allow intermittent periods of stimulation from TES-TI.

TES-TI sham includes receiving stimulation from all electrodes at the same frequency. Sham TES will include administration of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), random oscillating current. It will also include periods with no stimulation and a ramping up period followed by no stimulation.

This is an 8-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 1-5 the frequency with which they have experienced components of anxiety in the last seven days. Higher scores reflect greater anxiety.

This is an 8-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 1-5 the frequency with which they have experienced components of depression in the last seven days. Higher scores reflect greater depression.

This is a 10-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 0-4 the frequency with which they have felt various kinds of stress in the last month. Participants rate each item on a scale ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)". Seven of the items with positive statements are scored in reverse. As the scores obtained from the scale increase, the perceived stress level of the person increases. Scores range from 0-40.

This is a 21-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 0-4 the extent to which they agree with various statements designed to assess their overall well-being. Scores range from 0-84 with higher scores indicating higher levels of well-being.

The PWB Scale is a tool designed to measure various aspects of an individual's psychological well-being. The scale consists of 18 items and assesses six key dimensions of well-being: Autonomy - The ability to make independent decisions and resist social pressures; Environmental Mastery -The capacity to manage one's life and surrounding environment effectively; Personal Growth - A sense of continued development and realization of one's potential; Positive Relations with Others -The presence of meaningful, trusting relationships; Purpose in Life - Having goals and a sense of direction in life; Self-Acceptance - A positive attitude towards oneself and one's past life. There are three items per each dimension. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), higher scores indicate higher wellbeing.

The Human Flourishing Measures is designed to assess various domains of human well-being and flourishing. Developed by the Human Flourishing Program at Harvard University, this measure aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's overall well-being, across different domains such as, health, life satisfaction, purpose, close relationships. The questionnaire consists of 12 items, rated from 0 (Strongly disagree) to 10 (Strongly agree). High scores imply that people perceive themselves very positively in terms of human flourishing.

The MPoD is designed to measure the ability to decenter from internal experiences. Decentering involves viewing thoughts and feelings as temporary and objective events in the mind, rather than as reflections of the self. Items are scored from 1 (never or very rarely) to 5 (very often or always) for a total range of scores from 15-75 where higher scores indicate higher levels of engagement with trait-like metacognitive processes of decentering.

This 20-item self-report measure assesses trait levels of decentering and rumination. Decentering refers to the ability to view one's thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events rather than reflections of the self. It is a key component of mindfulness and is often developed through meditation practices. The component Rumination includes items that measure the tendency to dwell on negative thoughts and feelings. For example, items might ask about the frequency of repetitive, negative thinking. Items are scored from 1 (never) to 5 (all the time) where higher scores indicate indicate higher decentering and rumination.

The SRIS is a psychometric tool designed to measure two critical components of self-awareness: self-reflection and insight. It provides a reliable means of assessing individuals' tendencies to engage in introspection and their ability to gain clear understanding from such introspection. Participants respond to each item using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate self-awareness.

NAS is designed to assess the extent to which individuals experience nonattachment in their daily lives. The NAS consists of 30 items that participants rate based on their agreement from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). The items are designed to capture various aspects of nonattachment, such as the ability to let go of thoughts and emotions, and the tendency to experience life without excessive clinging or aversion. Higher scores indicate more non-attachment.

NTS is a psychological measure designed to assess the degree to which individuals are not fixated on self-related concepts, thoughts, and feelings. It captures the ability to interact with these self-related elements flexibly and without trying to control them. It is a single factor, 7-item scale, where each item is scored from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree). Higher scores indicate more non-attachment to self.

FFMQ is a comprehensive self-report instrument designed to assess mindfulness across five distinct dimensions. The FFMQ consists of 39 items, divided into five subscales, each representing a different facet of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, nonreactivity to inner experience. Participants respond to each item using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true). Higher scores on the FFMQ reflects a higher level of mindfulness (a better outcome).

DDS is a psychometric instrument developed to measure the construct of defusion, which refers to the ability to achieve psychological distance from internal experiences such as thoughts and feelings. Participants respond to each item using a six-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 5 (very much), for a total possible range of scores from 0-50, higher scores indicate increased ability to defuse.

RQ is a self-report instrument designed to assess various dimensions of interpersonal relationship styles. The RQ consists of 4 items, each describing a specific relationship style. Participants rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from "1 = Strongly Disagree" to "7 = Strongly Agree."

ULS is a widely used tool designed to measure an individual's subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. The scale consists of 20 items. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Never) to 4 (Often). Some items are reverse-scored to control for response bias. The total score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater levels of loneliness.

SCS, developed by Richard M. Lee and Steven B. Robbins in 1995, is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the extent to which individuals feel connected to others in their social environment. The scale assesses feelings of closeness and belongingness, which are crucial for psychological well-being. The scale consists of 20 items. Each item is rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of social connectedness, while lower scores suggest feelings of social isolation or disconnection.

ASQ is a self-report measure designed to assess adult attachment styles. This questionnaire helps identify how individuals typically think, feel, and behave in close relationships. The ASQ consists of 40 items rated on 6-point Likert Scale (1 Totally disagree - 6 Totally Agree). It measures five dimensions of attachment, that is, confidence, discomfort with closeness, need for approval, preoccupation with relationship, relationship as secondary.

EIS is designed to measure the ability to identify, assess, and manage the emotions of oneself, others, and groups. The EIS consists of 33 items. Participants rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate higher emotional intelligence.

BIS-11 is a widely used self-report measure designed to assess the personality/behavioral construct of impulsiveness. The BIS-11 consists of 30 items, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (rarely/never) to 4 (almost always/always).

The BIS-11 measures three primary dimensions of impulsiveness:

1. Attentional Impulsiveness: Difficulty focusing attention and a tendency to make quick decisions.
2. Motor Impulsiveness: Acting on the spur of the moment and a lack of perseverance.
3. Non-Planning Impulsiveness: A lack of forethought or consideration of future consequences.

Each of these dimensions is further broken down into subscales, providing a detailed profile of an individual's impulsivity traits. The total score ranges from 30 to 120, with higher scores indicating higher levels of impulsiveness.

DII is a self-report measure designed to assess two distinct types of impulsivity: functional impulsivity and dysfunctional impulsivity. Functional Impulsivity is characterized by the tendency to act quickly and effectively in situations where such behavior is beneficial.

Dysfunctional Impulsivity involves acting with less forethought than most people, leading to negative outcomes. The DII consists of 23 items that are true or false statements. Each true statement is scored as 1. The scores for each subscale (functional impulsivity and dysfunctional impulsivity) are summed, with higher scores indicating higher levels of functional or dysfunctional impulsivity.

VVIQ is a tool developed to assess the vividness of an individual's visual imagination. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert Scale from 1 (no image at all) to 5 (Perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision). The questionnaire includes scenarios such as visualizing a friend's face, a rising sun, and other common scenes to gauge the vividness of the mental images. Higher scores indicate more vivid visual imagery.

IAT is a psychological tool designed to measure the strength of automatic associations between mental representations of objects or concepts. The IAT typically involves categorizing words or images that appear on a computer screen into different groups as quickly as possible. For example, participants might be asked to categorize words as either "pleasant" or "unpleasant" and images as either "young" or "old." The speed at which participants categorize the items is crucial. Faster response times indicate stronger implicit associations between the categories being tested.

IAT is a psychological tool designed to measure the strength of automatic associations between mental representations of objects or concepts. The IAT typically involves categorizing words or images that appear on a computer screen into different groups as quickly as possible. For example, participants might be asked to categorize words as either "pleasant" or "unpleasant" and images as either "young" or "old." Participants complete 8 blocks of 24 trials each, consisting of two groups of 4 incongruent and 4 congruent blocks. Within each group of blocks, the first trial serves as a practice trial.

IAT is a psychological tool designed to measure the strength of automatic associations between mental representations of objects or concepts. The IAT typically involves categorizing words or images that appear on a computer screen into different groups as quickly as possible. For example, participants might be asked to categorize words as either "pleasant" or "unpleasant" and images as either "young" or "old."

Reported here is the the D-score that measures the standardized difference between the average response times for congruent and incongruent pairings, adjusted for the number of errors. It typically ranges from -2 to 2. A score near zero indicates selfless processing of fear. Positive scores are expected to represent identification with fear. Conversely, negative scores are expected to represent negative self-referential evaluation of fear.

The Rapid Discrimination Task is a cognitive task used to assess an individual's ability to quickly and accurately distinguish between different stimuli. Participants are presented with a series of stimuli, which can vary in attributes such as shape, color, size, or emotional expression. The task requires participants to make quick decisions about the stimuli, often under time constraints.

Both the speed and accuracy of responses are measured to assess perceptual and cognitive abilities. For the Rapid Discrimination Task, two black and white geometric shapes one next to the other are presented using Eprime. In some slides, the two shapes will be identical and in others they will differ by one line or outside edge of the shape being slightly different than the other. The participant is instructed to press the 'S' button on the keyboard if they are the same or the 'L' button if they are different. This will repeat for up to 25 minutes until the task ends.

The Rapid Discrimination Task is a cognitive task used to assess an individual's ability to quickly and accurately distinguish between different stimuli. Participants are presented with a series of stimuli, which can vary in attributes such as shape, color, size, or emotional expression. The task requires participants to make quick decisions about the stimuli, often under time constraints.

Both the speed and accuracy of responses are measured to assess perceptual and cognitive abilities. For the Rapid Discrimination Task, two black and white geometric shapes one next to the other are presented using Eprime. In some slides, the two shapes will be identical and in others they will differ by one line or outside edge of the shape being slightly different than the other. The participant is instructed to press the 'S' button on the keyboard if they are the same or the 'L' button if they are different. This will repeat for up to 25 minutes until the task ends.

Participants with eyes open or closed will be prompted by a beep to report the last thing that was going through their mind (image, thought, feeling, emotion …) just before the sound. After this open-ended report, participants will also be asked to rate on a VAS scale (e.g., from 0 to 5) their awareness, some quality aspects of their mentation content (e.g, how thought-like or image-like it was; or the degree of cognitive effort).

[will the VAS score be reported?]

The automatic emotion regulation (AER) task is designed to investigate how individuals modulate their emotional responses without conscious effort. In this task, participants are exposed to various emotional stimuli, in this experiment image, which are typically categorized as positive (e.g., a puppy or a sunset), negative (e.g., the image of a natural disaster or of a person in distress), or neutral (e.g., the photo of a chair or of a building). These stimuli are presented rapidly to minimize conscious regulation efforts.

During the task, functional MRI data will be recorded. The goal is to measure how effectively participants can automatically regulate their emotional reactions. Data analysis focuses on comparing responses across different emotional conditions to infer the efficiency of automatic emotion regulation.

Participants will rate on a VAS scale (from 1 to 10) the intensity of the emotional content evoked by each picture, higher numbers are more intense.

Participants are simply asked to rest quietly, awake but relaxed, to record brain activity without any external stimuli influencing it.

The signal measured within each voxel is based on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast, which reflects changes in blood flow and oxygenation associated with neural activity.

While resting state activity can help the interpretation of different task states, it will be mainly evaluated as a measure in itself to assess baseline brain functional organization of the participants.