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The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between motor imagery skills, body awareness and cognitive functions in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
Motor imagery can be defined as a voluntary action simulation process that involves focusing intently on the cognitive components of motor tasks. In the literature, motor imagery is seen as a window opening to cognitive motor processes and especially motor control. Motor imagery is negatively affected in many diseases that affect the brain and brain functions, such as stroke, Parkinson, and multiple sclerosis, and motor imagery is frequently used in the rehabilitation of these diseases. Poor glycemic control in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus leads to deterioration in brain and cognitive functions. However, no study has been found on the effects of these disorders seen in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus on MI skills. Motor imagery is a mental practice that is becoming widespread in many areas. However, before considering using Motor imagery-based exercises as a therapy tool for patients, it is important to consider the extent to which patients cognitive impairments are related to their ability to form accurate motor images. For example, studies have found that patients with the lack of body awareness may not be able to produce kinesthetic images of motor movements.
Body awareness is the tendency to pay attention to internal bodily sensations and stimuli and includes the cognitive, emotional, and perceptual abilities that constitute the person general self-awareness. Chronic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus affect body awareness and image. Body awareness has been found to be associated with clinical parameters related to diabetes, such as fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels and duration of diabetes in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Changes in body awareness may disrupt the patient self-perception, leading to a poor clinical picture and a poor course of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to evaluate possible changes in internal body perception.
To our knowledge, no study has been found in the literature examining the relationship between motor imagery skills of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and body awareness and cognitive functions. The existence of this relationship may guide the use of motor imagery as a treatment method in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus whose body awareness and cognitive functions are impaired.
Individuals who meet the inclusion criteria will be asked to sign an informed consent form. Then, demographic data of the individuals will be collected using a demographic data form. Individuals; motor imagery skills will be assessed using a mental stopwatch and mental rotation, body awareness will be assessed using the Body Awareness Questionnaire, and cognitive functions will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 18-65 years old with type 2 DM for at least 5 years |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire and Physical Exam | Behavioral | Individuals motor imagery skills will be assessed using a mental chronometer and mental rotation, body awareness will be assessed using the Body Awareness Questionnaire, and cognitive functions will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mental Chronometer | Mental chronometry provides information about the temporal relationship between real and simulated movements. As part of this assessment, participants will be administered the Nine-Hole Wooden Peg Test. In the study, the patient will be asked to place wooden sticks in the box one by one into the holes on the board as quickly as possible with their dominant hand. They will then be asked to place the sticks back into the box one by one. The total duration of the test will be determined by a chronometer. After the materials are removed from the field of vision, they will be asked to perform this carrying activity using the imagery method and the elapsed time will again be recorded by a chronometer. Motor imagery trials will begin with a countdown of "3-2-1-Start" and will end when participants indicate that they have finished placing by saying "stop". | 10 minutes |
| Mental Rotation | Mental rotation provides information about the accuracy of imagined movements. Mental rotation will be evaluated as a hand lateralization task, which is choosing which side the hand belongs to. The test will be applied using the Recognize App Recognize Hand software (Neuro Orthopedic Institute, Adelaide, Australia). Two data will be obtained by performing the test. The first is the percentage of correct responses that are capable of understanding whether the hand images shown belong to the right or the left, and the second is the reaction times of the individuals while performing the task. The "Vanilla" mode will be used for mental rotation ability in the study. This mode consists of images of real human hands in different postures/positions. The patient is given 5 seconds for each hand image and is expected to indicate whether the hand in the image is right or left from the buttons below during this time. | 10 minutes |
| Body Awareness | Individuals; body awareness will be measured with the Body Awareness Questionnaire. The Body Awareness Questionnaire consists of 18 questions. Participants will be asked to score each statement between 1 (1: Not true for me at all) and 7 (7: Completely true for me), and the total score is obtained by adding the scores given for each statement. The total score takes a value between 18 and 126. The higher the total score, the better the body awareness. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Individuals aged 18-65 who have had type 2 DM for at least 5 years
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| İsmail Okur, Assit. Prof. | Contact | +905552436726 | ismail.okur@ksbu.edu.tr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| İsmail Okur, PhD | Kutahya Health Sciences University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kutahya Health Sciences University | Recruiting | Kütahya | Central | 43100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| Motor Imagery Ability | Behavioral | Individuals motor imagery skills will be assessed using a mental stopwatch and mental rotation, body awareness will be assessed using the Body Awareness Questionnaire, and cognitive functions will be assessed using theMontreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire. |
|
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| 10 minutes |
| Cognitive Function | Cognitive functions will be assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) questionnaire. MOCA is a screening test that assesses attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visual-spatial abilities, abstract thinking, calculation, and orientation. The total score on the MOCA test ranges from 0 to 30. The cutoff for a normal MOCA score is 26. | 20 minutes |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011795 | Surveys and Questionnaires |
| D012149 | Restraint, Physical |
| D009483 | Neuropsychological Tests |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |
| D032763 | Behavior Control |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D007103 | Immobilization |
| D011581 | Psychological Tests |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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