Purpose: The purpose of this research is to pilot test a novel, alternative, potentially sustainable system of teacher-delivered, task-shifted child mental health care.

Participants: ~300 estimated

Procedures: This is a RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) guided, mixed methods, clustered evaluation of Tealeaf-NC's Reach, Adoption & Implementation (Primary Outcomes, implementation-based), as well as evaluating for preliminary indicators of Effectiveness & Maintenance (Secondary Outcomes, clinically-based).

Addressing children's mental health is a critically important health challenge. Twenty percent of all children suffer from significant mental health concerns, most of whom will remain unrecognized, unsupported, and affected throughout their lives. Such wide differences between mental health needs and care access are often called the "care gap". More recently, a youth mental health crisis emerged alongside the COVID-19 pandemic. The adverse impact of the pandemic has led to youth mental health prevalence increasing up to 40% in some global regions, which is double the pre-pandemic rate, while available professional mental health human resources have not changed, leading to an even wider care gap. As urgent solutions are needed, alternative systems of care and support may address this urgent need in a more timely fashion than expanding traditional care systems would.

The overarching goal of this study is to address the youth mental health crisis by providing evidence that high-quality, alternative, sustainable child mental health care may improve youth mental health symptoms. This proposal aims to pilot a novel, alternative, potentially sustainable system of teacher-delivered, task-shifted child mental health care. In North Carolina, USA, the investigators will pilot Teachers Leading the Frontlines - Mansik Swastha [Mental Health in Nepali] (Tealeaf). Created in Darjeeling, India, Tealeaf centers on training and supervising elementary school teachers to deliver "education as mental health therapy" (Ed-MH) to children (ages 5-12). Ed-MH is the investigators' novel, task-shifting, therapy modality that minimizes the time teachers need to deliver care by fitting it into their work. In Ed-MH, teachers use evidence-based therapeutic techniques adapted for use in their existing interactions with students in need (e.g., while teaching) and streamlined for care for any diagnosis ("transdiagnostic").

The investigators' rationale stems from two trials in Darjeeling where the mental health symptoms of children in Tealeaf improved from clinical to neurotypical. The investigators specifically aim to determine if teachers can deliver Tealeaf with fidelity, with positive acceptability & feasibility for stakeholders, and leading to preliminary indicators of improved child mental health outcomes. Guided by the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) public health framework, the investigators hypothesize that a pilot of Tealeaf clustered at the school level will show that:

1. Teachers can deliver Tealeaf (task-shifted mental health care fitted into their work) with higher fidelity than the active comparator, and stakeholders (teachers, students, parents, principals) will find Tealeaf more acceptable & feasible than the active comparator (Reach, Adoption, Implementation; Primary Outcomes).
2. Tealeaf will show early signs of greater impact on children's 1) mental health symptoms, 2) academic achievement, and 3) school attendance versus a comparator (Effectiveness, Maintenance; Secondary Outcomes).

Researchers will compare Tealeaf with an active comparator, RE-SEED (Responding to Students' Emotions through Education), to see if a lower-resourced version of Tealeaf is viable and/or has an impact.

Tealeaf has six components implemented over a school year:

1. Teachers first complete three days of training, delivered by a mental health professional (e.g. psychiatric social worker, psychologist, or psychiatrist).
2. Teachers use a study-specific tool, the Behavior Type and Severity Tool (BTST), to systematically capture their impression of each student in their class. Using their judgment, aided by the BTST, teachers select students whom they believe have the highest mental health needs to receive care.
3. Teachers observe chosen students' symptoms with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. (If the child has a positive total or subscale score, they are eligible for the study. The target enrollment of ~2 students per teacher based on estimated prevalence and teacher feedback on a feasible case load).
4. Teachers understand students' behavior using the Activating Event, Automatic Thought/or Feeling, Behavior, and Consequence Chart (AABC Chart) and the Themes of the AABC Chart tool. These tools are similar to the Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequences (ABC) Chart from Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT).
5. Teachers develop a targeted response using a plan called the 4Cs (Cause, Change, Connect, and Cultivate) plan. The chosen care framework for addressing behavior and mental health and that the 4Cs was modeled on are behavior plans (not manualized care). They align with how teachers already individualize teaching to students' needs. The 4Cs' goal is to improve mental health through and in addition to learning, whereas typical behavior plans solely target improved learning. In the 4Cs, teachers select therapeutic techniques to deliver from a menu of evidence-based therapeutic options for each category of behavior. Ed-MH adapts Cognitive Behavior Play Therapy (CBPT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) measures for classroom delivery. Based on CBT, CBPT is accessible to children <10 years old using both talk and play therapy. There are two chosen areas of therapeutic focus for teachers. 1) Behavioral activation and self-regulation are guided by the teachers as they occur in the classroom. 2) Cognitive restructuring is incorporated through traditional means (AABC Chart).
6. The remainder of the school year is dedicated to the development of therapeutic relationships and the delivery of therapeutic interactions and skills practice. Revisions to the 4Cs plan are made based on each child's progress. As a key component of task-shifting, teachers receive supervision through monthly site visits supplemented by as-needed telephone and digital discussions to guide their care from the study team. This supervision occurs throughout the year. Trained school counselors can also provide monthly supervision or as needed. Teachers encourage the use of the 4Cs plan at home.

For RE-SEED (active comparator), processes are similar to Tealeaf. The differences are that training is 1-day such that they receive markedly less in-depth knowledge, and the study team does not provide supervision, allowing only the counselor to provide supervision. This less resource-intensive approach will allow for an ethical comparator to Tealeaf, where schools would like for teachers to have some skills to support identified students as part of their willingness to participate in research, while also allowing the investigators to begin to understand what impact fewer resources may have versus a full intervention.

Tealeaf and Ed-MH's mechanism of action for improving mental health symptoms is through teachers guiding children to consistently practice coping skills and emotion regulation for long periods (a school day) and in real-time (in moments of concern). Like counselors, Tealeaf teachers help students gain insight and acquire coping skills. Teachers take the therapy activities further, though, by overseeing children practicing coping skills, reinforcing positive behavior, and supporting them in moments of struggle, all in real-time. It is ideally how teachers would work with students as guided by a therapist, but here they determine how to therapeutically respond to a student's mental health needs since therapists are inaccessible. Moreover, as a role model, teachers already play a key role in the social, emotional, and academic development of students and interact with them individually in moments of concern. Ed-MH allows teachers to deliver therapy in shared moments, in real time. Professional and lay counselors, instead, can only reflect from afar on moments the student is willing to share in the office.

A second mechanism of action is through teachers delivering care that can target education symptoms of mental health as seen in India. For example, a student may have poor schoolwork due to anxiety. Their teacher can target their poor schoolwork (the education symptoms of their mental health) and anxiety by improving schoolwork quality (an education intervention) by building their capacity to complete assignments gradually, i.e. exposure therapy (an evidence-based technique). After care, both symptoms improved.

Intervention evidence: Results from 2018 and 2019 pilot Tealeaf trials show that mental health care delivery for children can be shifted to teachers.

1. Teachers (n=19) nominated students (n=36) with moderate accuracy, 72% sensitivity, and 62% specificity, aligned with identification by lay counselors in Low- or Middle- Income Countries (LMIC) and teachers in High-Income Countries (HIC).
2. Teachers (n=19) delivered care with fidelity, on average at or above 60% fidelity to protocol, similar to mental health professionals' fidelity to new therapies.
3. Teachers (n=19) found it feasible to deliver therapy when integrated into their workflow (Ed-MH), citing the choice of therapeutic techniques and the ability to incorporate them into teaching.
4. Teachers, families, and students found it acceptable for teachers to deliver mental health care. Teachers cited flexible care delivery, families cited impact, and students cited being treated well.
5. Children's mental health symptoms improved after receiving Ed-MH from their teachers, an early signal of impact. Symptoms improved on average from clinical to neurotypical, i.e., from the 77th to the 60th percentile baseline to end line on a gold standard measure in 2018 (n=36) and from the 84th to the 68th percentile in 2019 (n=26). While supported children in 2019 had neurotypical symptom levels at the end line, children receiving enhanced usual care (n=188) remained at clinical levels (81st percentile; effect size 0.7) These findings support teachers' delivery of task-shifted, indicated child mental health care that is transdiagnostic and integrated into their work.

Overall, our prior research demonstrates that teacher-delivered transdiagnostic mental health care (Tealeaf inclusive of Ed-MH) may be a potentially efficient, sustainable, and impactful approach. A Type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation Tealeaf trial is ongoing in Darjeeling, India.

The investigators' rationale for pilot testing Tealeaf-NC is based on Tealeaf's promising results as there is an urgent need to identify and deliver evidence-based children's mental health interventions to tackle the children's mental health care gap that worsened into a crisis during the COVID pandemic. Of note, Tealeaf skipped over efficacy (lab-like setting) to effectiveness testing (real world), as literature supports skipping efficacy testing of task-shifted mental health care. Task-shifting improves mental health outcomes in lab-like settings and is now recommended to be tested in specific forms (e.g., teacher-delivery) for specific contexts to study its effects in real-world practice. As research evidence takes an average of 17 years to reach clinical practice, and given Tealeaf's promise, the urgent need justifies pilot testing Tealeaf's potential implementation and clinical outcomes in new settings.

Inclusion Criteria:

Schools:

• Have been trained in either Tealeaf or RE-SEED in Summer 2024 or 2025 after being randomized programmatically
• Be a school in the State of North Carolina
• Have an eligible principal

Principals:

• >18 years old
• Employed at an enrolled school
• Not suspected or convicted of child-related misconduct or maltreatment

Teachers:

• >18 years old
• Employed at an enrolled school
• Primary teaching responsibility for a single academic class (for a minimum of 1 hour per day and a minimum of 4 days per week) in any grade level Kindergarten to Grade 8
• Not suspected or convicted of child-related misconduct or maltreatment

Counselors:

• >18 years old
• Employed at an enrolled school
• Hold a school counselor position at an enrolled school for at least 10 hours per week
• Not suspected or convicted of child-related misconduct or maltreatment

Students:

• Enrolled in Kindergarten-Grade 8
• Student of an enrolled teacher
• Has a parent or guardian who can provide consent
• Positive/Clinical-level score on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)

Guardians:

• >18 years old
• Guardian of enrolled student

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusion criteria will be set as each participant does not meet the inclusion criteria as set for their group.

Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 12 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with The University of North Carolina (UNC).

Data will be available beginning 12 and continuing for 36 months after publication to allow researchers to analyze data and submit for peer review.

Data will be deposited in UNC Odum Institute's UNC Dataverse, an open-source data repository service for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) research community and its partners.

Participants will not be blinded; children must assent, and parents consent, to receive mental health care and teachers will be aware they are delivering care. One research assistant (RA) and staff mental health clinician will not be blinded to observe teachers' fidelity. Otherwise, personnel are blinded.