The study is a prospectively designed, nonrandomized controlled study. It was conducted for six months at the EICU and GICU of a training and research hospital between 1 Jun 2023 and 1 December 2023.

The study involved GICU patients as the standard care services observation group (OG). The use of SUP in the GICU was only monitored and noted. In the EICU, patients were identified as part of the recruiting guideline group (GG), and in addition to receiving usual care, they were managed for SUP according to the ASHP SUP guidelines [1]. The study duration was six months concurrently in the EICU and the GICU. Before inclusion, written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their parent(s)/legal guardian(s). Subjects with incomplete data were excluded. The inclusion criteria were patients aged ≥18 years and hospitalized for ≥24 hours in the EICU/GICU. Patients with a history of stomach cancer, admission to the ICU because of GI bleeding, subtotal/total gastrectomy, or receiving a proton pump inhibitor for therapeutic purposes were excluded from the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The inclusion criteria were patients aged ≥18 years and hospitalized for ≥24 hours in the EICU/GICU.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with a history of stomach cancer, admission to the ICU because of GI bleeding, subtotal/total gastrectomy, or receiving a proton pump inhibitor for therapeutic purposes were excluded from the study.