chronic neck pain (CNP) (persists longer than 3 months.

healthy controls

The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is the most widely used self-report tool to assess neck pain status, and provides information not only about pain experiences but also about a person's functional status. The NDI consists of 10 questions related to pain, functional activities, self-care, and quality of life that are measured on a 6-point scale (0, no disability; 5, full disability). The numeric score for each item is summed for a score ranging from 0 to 50; 0-4 points are defined as no disability, 5-14 points as mild disability, 15-24 points as moderate disability, 25-34 points as severe disability and above 35 points as complete disability.

The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is the most widely used self-report tool to assess neck pain status, and provides information not only about pain experiences but also about a person functional status. The NDI consists of 10 questions related to pain, functional activities, self-care, and quality of life that are measured on a 6-point scale (0, no disability; 5, full disability). The numeric score for each item is summed for a score ranging from 0 to 50; 0-4 points are defined as no disability, 5-14 points as mild disability, 15-24 points as moderate disability, 25-34 points as severe disability and above 35 points as complete disability.

Five questions on the scale are answered by the participant's partner or roommate and are used solely for clinical information..The PSQI has seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. The total score is calculated by summing the scores of the seven components, ranging from 0 to 21 points.

A 10 cm VAS numbered from 0 to 10 was used for the assessment. 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates unbearable pain.

Active Cervical Range of Motion Assessment was measured with a universal goniometer in all three planes of motion in the cervical region: lateral flexion (frontal plane), axial rotation to both right and left sides (horizontal plane), and flexion-extension (sagittal plane). The same physiotherapist performed all goniometric measurements to eliminate any differences between the measurements that the measurer could cause. The American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) values were taken as a reference for NEH in the cervical region. Care was taken to ensure that the participant wore comfortable clothes during the measurements. Before starting the measurement, the desired movement was shown to the participant by the physiotherapist.