cfDNA is extremely useful to ascertain chromosomal causes of miscarriages at the point of miscarriage diagnosis by a simple blood test. This study aims to determine the level of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in early pregnancy and compare the results with those of product of conception (POC) testing, in concordance with standard karyotyping.

Pregnancies achieved by assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are closely monitored, therefore miscarriages that occur very early in the pregnancy are frequently meticulously recorded and reported. On the other hand, spontaneous abortion rates among naturally occurring conceptions are notoriously hard to quantify and are often overstated when using criteria from assisted reproductive technologies. Additionally, women who have undergone treatment with ART are a particular population with traits that can make them more vulnerable to spontaneous abortions.

cfDNA would be extremely useful to ascertain chromosomal causes of miscarriages at the point of miscarriage diagnosis by a simple blood test. This study aims to determine the level of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in early pregnancy and compare the results with those of product of conception (POC) testing, in concordance with standard karyotyping.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-45 years.
2. Women who attend the early pregnancy loss clinic or Patients who receive ART
3. Their partner, the biological father of the pregnancy

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of psychological/ psychiatric problem
• Patient refusal

Patients will be approached on the day of attending the early pregnancy loss clinic, and given information about the study. Sufficient time will be allowed for consideration before they confirm their decision and sign the consent. For cases with the management of ultrasound-guided manual vacuum aspiration (USG-MVA) or surgical evacuation, their remaining products of gestation will be collected for analysis.