Recent retrospective studies have demonstrated differences between pulse oximeter values (SpO2) and measured arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in patients identifying as Black or Hispanic. These retrospective studies have limitations because self-reported race is likely not an accurate metric for level of skin pigmentation and the retrospective nature of these studies may impact the accuracy of simultaneous measures of arterial oxygen saturation and pulse oximeter values. The few prospective studies that have evaluated this issue have utilized color-matching techniques to quantify skin pigmentation, and fewer studies have directly measured skin pigmentation in relation it to pulse oximeter accuracy. The aim of this study is to prospectively measure pulse oximeter accuracy in relation to measured levels of skin pigmentation in the congenital heart disease population.

This is a prospective observational study aiming to evaluate the relationship between pulse oximeter accuracy to the measured level of skin pigmentation in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). These patients live with varying levels of hypoxemia, making them an ideal study population to investigate this critical patient safety issue. The study population will be pediatric patients (age <18 years old) with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease presenting for cardiac surgery at the Mount Sinai Hospital. These patient's will undergo surgery as per protocol, as if they were not in a research study, but will have their skin pigment measured using a non-invasive device (color spectrophotometer) prior to surgery. As part of the normal surgery protocols, arterial blood gas samples will be completed. The measured oxygen levels (SaO2) on arterial blood gas will be compared to the pulse oximeter value using simultaneous measurements to ensure the measures are concurrent. After cardiopulmonary bypass is initiated for the surgery, the subject's involvement in the study will be completed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pediatric patients (age less than 18 years old) with a diagnosis of CHD (cyanotic or acyanotic) who are presenting for cardiac surgery under general anesthesia with planned arterial access.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age greater than 18 years old
• Emergency surgery
• Significant preoperative anemia (hemoglobin <8.0 g/dL)
• Preoperative hemodynamic instability (i.e., >1 vasoactive infusions or mechanical circulatory support)
• The presence of any colored nail polish on the planned site of pulse oximeter placement, planned use of any intravenous dyes intraoperatively, and patient, parent, or guardian refusal.

Pediatric patients with a past medical history of congenital heart disease presenting for cardiac surgery under general anesthesia with anticipated arterial vascular access.

All of the individual participant data collected during the trial, after deidentification.

Upon study completion and in accordance with any peer-reviewed journal requirements.

Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. To achieve aims in the approved proposal. Proposals should be directed to garrett.burnett@mountsinai.org. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.