Hypothesis :

Based on the framework and premises above, the hypothesis is formulated as follows: H0 : surface electromyography parameters cannot predicts upper extremity motor function recovery in stroke patients H1: surface electromyography parameters can predicts upper extremity motor function recovery in stroke patients

Study design and setting This study is an analytic quantitative observational study, to analyse the quantification of Manual Muscle Test score, Fugl Mayer Assessment-Upper Extremity score and electrical signals of the anterior deltoid, biceps, triceps, wrist flexors and wrist extensors muscles based on contractions, length of contraction and amplitude parameters in patients with acute phase stroke. This study performed at HasanSadikin Hospital between February 2024 - July 2024. Study participants Potential participants will be recruited by the main researcher

Inclusion criteria:

1. Patients who are hospitalized with upper extremity weakness due to stroke on the same side which confirmed with computed tomography scan or structural magnetic resonance imaging, in the acute phase
2. Men and women aged more than 18 years old
3. Willing to participate

Exclusion criteria:

1. Cognitive impairment (MoCA-Ina score less than 26)
2. Impaired consciousness (GCS score less than 15)
3. Unstable medical conditions at time of hospitalization
4. Patients with pacemaker
5. Having other injury or dysfunction in the impaired side of upper extremity that caused restrictions on the range of joint movement and muscle weakness, such as fractures, periarthritis, or moderate-severe pain
6. Diagnosis of other neurological disease or disorders in addition to stroke (e.g., traumatic brain injury, neuropathy or radiculopathy)
7. Get treated in isolation room
8. Hypersensitivity to gel electrodes

Drop out criteria:

1. Unable to do 2 or more follow up session
2. Withdrawn by themselves

Confounding factor:

1. Stroke location
2. Stroke size
3. Spasticity
4. Rehabilitation program
5. Compliance rehabilitation
6. Stroke risk factor

Sampling Technique The method of sampling based on consecutive samplings, that is, all stroke patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria during the duration of the study.

Based on the formula above, the minimum sample size for this research is adequate, so the minimum sample size is 30 samples.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who are hospitalized with upper extremity weakness due to stroke on the same side which confirmed with computed tomography (CT) scan or structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in the acute phase
2. Men and women aged more than 18 years old
3. Willing to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Cognitive impairment (MoCA-Ina score less than 26)
2. Impaired consciousness (GCS score less than 15)
3. Unstable medical conditions at time of hospitalization
4. Patients with pacemaker
5. Having other injury or dysfunction in the impaired side of upper extremity that caused restrictions on the range of joint movement and muscle weakness, such as fractures, periarthritis, or moderate-severe pain
6. Diagnosis of other neurological disease or disorders in addition to stroke (e.g., traumatic brain injury, neuropathy or radiculopathy)
7. Get treated in isolation room
8. Hypersensitivity to gel electrodes

All stroke patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria during the duration of the study.

Sex Women Men Age Length of stay Stroke diagnosis Ischemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke Stroke side Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Dominant Hand Right Left Stroke severity Minor stroke Moderate stroke Moderate to severe stroke Severe stroke Stroke risk factor Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Heart disease Dyslipidemia Smoking Recurrent stroke Yes No

February 2025 - July 2025

With access article/journal

With participants characteristics:

Sex Women Men Age Length of stay Stroke diagnosis Ischemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke Stroke side Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Dominant Hand Right Left Stroke severity Minor stroke Moderate stroke Moderate to severe stroke Severe stroke Stroke risk factor Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Heart disease Dyslipidemia Smoking Recurrent stroke Yes No