Each group plans to recruit 3,000 participants. For the intervention group, the community-based management includes adding COPD management-related content to the primary public health service. This includes: Providing at least four follow-ups during the project at the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th months. During each follow-up, patients must complete the "COPD Patient Follow-up Questionnaire" and receive oral health education and targeted clinical advice from the general practitioner (GP). In addition, the GPs must also distribute educational booklets and materials, record symptom assessment results and acute exacerbation situations, and provide targeted clinical advice and clinical decisions to the COPD patients according to the checklist of Chinese guideline for management of COPD in primary care. At the baseline and the last follow-up, patients need to undergo a routine physical examination, pulmonary function test, and bronchodilator test at their community health centers

The number of exacerbations occurred

Quality of life measured by the EQ-5D-5L (EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels) questionnaire. It consists of two parts:

Descriptive System: This includes five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has five levels, ranging from no problems to extreme problems.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS): This is a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst possible health state and 100 represents the best possible health state.

Scores from the descriptive system can be combined into a single health index value, while the VAS provides an immediate self-assessment of the respondent's health status. Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.

Decline in forced expiratory rate in one second (FEV1) before use of bronchodilator.

Measured by Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Questionnaire Minimum Value: 0 (no dyspnea) Maximum Value: 4 (severe dyspnea) It specifically assesses dyspnea based on the activity level at which shortness of breath occurs, ranging from 0 to 4. A score of 4 indicates that the patient experiences dyspnea with minimal activity, representing the most severe breathlessness.

Measured by Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); Minimum Value: 0 (no dependence); Maximum Value: 10 (high dependence); The FTND is a widely used clinical tool to assess the level of nicotine dependence. It consists of 6 questions, each with answers assigned different point values. The cumulative score determines the level of nicotine dependence. Higher cumulative scores indicate greater nicotine dependence.