Ultrasonographic evaluation of parasternal intercostal muscles and to determine whether there is a correlation with PFT parameters in stroke patients

The clinical study, planned as a cross-sectional prospective, will be conducted on 30 stroke patients followed in the same stroke clinic and a total of 30 healthy volunteers of similar age and gender to the stroke patients. Patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke with stroke duration >6 months and mini-mental test score >24 will be included in the study; Stroke patients with acute or chronic lung disease, a history of thoracic surgery, another neuromuscular disease, aphasia type in which comprehension is impaired, and facial paralysis will not be included in the study. Written informed consent will be obtained from those who meet the study criteria and agree to participate in the study.

Demographic data of patients and healthy volunteers (gender, age, height, weight, body mass index, dominant extremity, stroke etiology, duration, side), respiratory function test (PFT) parameters measurement results, bilateral parasternal intercostal muscle thickness in stroke patients and the dominant side parasternal intercostal muscle thicknesses in healthy volunteers will be measured with Ultrasound (US), thickening rates will be calculated and recorded.

All participants will be evaluated in B-mode using the MyLab60 brand US device with 7-12 MHz linear probe. Measurements will be taken at the end of tidal expiration and maximal inspiration while the participants are in the supine position. To evaluate intercostal muscle thickness, measurements will be made between the 2nd and 3rd ribs, 3 cm lateral to the sternum, in accordance with the literature. The probe will be placed vertically at this point in the sagittal plane, a vertical caliper will be drawn between the hyperechoic fascia lines on the pleura and this distance will be recorded in millimeters. All measurements will be repeated 3 times, the average value will be recorded and thickening rates will be calculated. The formula [(end-inspiratory thickness - end-expiratory thickness) / end-expiratory thickness] will be used to calculate the thickening ratio. US evaluation of each participant will be performed by an experienced physician with more than 5 years of experience in this field.

Respiratory functions of the individuals included in the study will be measured with a CHEST HI-105 10510759 model spirometer, according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. Forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], FEV1/FVC, maximal expiratory flow rate [PEF] values and their percentage predictive values will be recorded. MicroRPM Respiratory Meter device (MicroDirect, USA) will be used for respiratory muscle strength measurements (maximum inspiratory pressure [MIP] maximum expiratory pressure [MEP]). PFT of all participants will be performed by a different researcher who is blind to the US measurement results.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ischemic or Hemorrhagic stroke patients, Stroke duration >6 months, Mini-mental test score >24

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with acute or chronic lung disease, Patients with a history of thoracic or abdominal surgery, Patients with other neuromuscular diseases, Aphasia type with impaired understanding, Facial paralysis

Stroke patients and healthy volunteers (have close demographic data with stroke patients)