The objective of this clinical trial is to know if supplementation with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) during pregnancy, improves the maternal and neonatal lipoprotein profile, lipoprotein function, oxidative status and vascular dysfunction markers in pregnancies with maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia (MSPH).

The main questions to be answered are:

1. Does 12 weeks of EVOO supplementation improve lipid and vascular outcomes in MSPH women at the end of pregnancy?
2. Does 12 weeks of EVOO supplementation improve lipid and vascular outcomes in MSPH neonates at the end of pregnancy? The investigators will compare regular diet supplemented with EVOO vs. intake of a non-supplemented regular diet to determine if EVOO reduces impaired vascular and lipid outcomes in the mother and her newborn.

Participants:

The recruited pregnant women will eat their normal diet (control group) or the same diet supplemented with 36 mL of EVOO daily (EVOO group). The protocol will be carried out from gestational week 28 to the end of pregnancy.

A nutritional specialist will evaluate every 4 weeks the EVOO consumption through surveys developed through a zoom interview.

The recruited pregnant women will have the regular obstetric control every 4 weeks.

At delivery, a maternal sample of blood as well as umbilical cord blood and the placenta will be obtained for experimental analysis.

HYPOTHESIS: The nutritional supplementation with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) enriched in polyphenols will improve the lipoprotein profile, the oxidative status and the vascular dysfunction in the mother and the offspring affected by maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia (MSPH).

AIM: To determine the effects of the nutritional supplementation with EVOO during pregnancy on MSPH women, evaluating the lipoprotein profile, lipoprotein function, the oxidative status, and markers of vascular function in the mother and the offspring at birth.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective, longitudinal study that aims to recruit women from week 24th (at moment where most pathological conditions of pregnancy has been diagnosed) to week 27th of gestation. These women will be supplemented with EVOO from the week 28th until term (~12 weeks). Previous studies have established that EVOO supplementation from week 28th until term reduced inflammatory markers in in pregnant women whit gestational diabetes mellitus. An equivalent group of women without EVOO supplementation will be considered as control. The participants will be from the Clínica Universidad de Los Andes (CUA). Recruitment and follow up: Pregnant women that fulfill eligibility according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria will be invited to participate in this study. They will be informed of the details of the study and will be asked to sign an informed consent for the nutritional supplementation and the biological samples donation at end of pregnancy. MPH (pregnancies with maternal physiological hypercholesterolemia or control pregnancies) or MSPH (pregnancies with maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia or pathological pregnancies) will be classified at term of pregnancy according to blood TC levels, obtained by qualified personal of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at CUA, under advisor of the Co- Investigator Dr. Illanes. Study groups: 1) MPH, 2) MPH + EVOO, 3) MSPH and 4) MSPH + EVOO. Inclusion criteria: pregnant women with MPH or MSPH pregnancies, with term pregnancies (≥37-weeks), singleton pregnancies, without fetal malformations, will be considered. Pregnant women with blood TC levels ≤280 mg/dl will be classified as MPH and with TC levels >280 mg/dl will be classified as MSPH. This classification is based on the criteria reported in previous published studies.

Exclusion criteria: Patients with pre-gestational and/or gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity before or during pregnancy or those with pathological conditions (e.g., pre-eclampsia, pregnancy hypertensive syndrome, and growth retardation) will be excluded from the study.

SUPPLEMENTATION: The investigators will supplement the selected women with or without EVOO since week 28th of gestation. However, the classification as MPH or MSPH occur only at birth (≥37-weeks). According to sample size calculation, the estimated sample size is 18 subjects per group. Thus 18 MSPH women supplemented with EVOO and 18 MSPH women not supplemented are required. Considering that MSPH occurs in approximately 32% of the pregnant women (data form the literature), to obtain 36 MSPH women the investigators propose to recruit 120 women in total. Thus, from these 120 women is expected that 36 will be MSPH. The other 84 women will be MPH and will be considered as control of the MSPH women. The 120 women will be randomized, in order of recruitment, one by one as control or EVOO groups. EVOO supplementation: The women randomized to EVOO groups will be supplemented daily with 36 mL (three tablespoons) of EVOO with a concentration of phenolic compounds > 500 mg/kg (this concentration of phenols is non-toxic and highly effective, according to the previous reports). The supplementation will start at week 28th of gestation until the term (≥37-weeks), following the published data of our collaborator Dra. Jawerbaum. EVOO will be indicated to be consumed uncooked and within the main meals as reported. All the needed EVOO for the 12 weeks of protocol will be provided monthly to the participants (to assure the correct quality of EVOO).

EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL CHARACTERIZATION: The EVOO for this project will be obtained from ALONSO (TM), EVOO producers that regularly determine the composition of EVOO, to assure its quality. According to previous publications, the investigators will use EVOO from the varietal Coratina (700 mg/Kg1of polyphenols) that present the higher concentration of phenolic compound compared with other varietals presents in Chile. Considering that the polyphenolic composition of the varietals changes yearly according to the climatological conditions, in collaboration with ALONSO producers, the investigators will measure the lipidic and polyphenol composition, in all the lots of EVOO required for the study.

ADHERENCE AND FOLLOWING: The dietary habits, physical activity, body mass determination and different anthropometric measurements will be obtained by physical examination and questionaries performed at the moment of recruitment and monthly by a nutritionist that support this project and works with Dr. Illanes team in CUA (Dra. Peñailillo). Adherence: Adherence to the supplementation will be evaluated by questionaries. Questionaries: the EVOO consumption will be obtained after application of two nutritional questionaries to determine dietary habits: (1) food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and (2) mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS), questionary developed and validated for Chilean population by the group of our Co-investigator Dr. Rigotti. The adherence will be considered Good, if questionaries indicated a daily EVOO consumption over 26 g/day, 5 to 7 times per week. As Regular, if daily EVOO consumption was over 26 g/day, but only 3 or 4 times per week, and Bad, if daily EVOO consumption was lower than 26 g/day or lower than 3 times per week. Only Good adherence will be considered for the study. In the sample size determination section, the investigators considered that 25% of recruited women will be lost by low adherences (classified ad regular or bad) as reported in studies of EVOO supplementation.

PARAMETERS TO BE EVALUATED: At the end of pregnancy maternal and umbilical cord blood samples (MPH, MPH + EVOO, MSPH and MSPH + EVOO) will be obtained to evaluate the lipoprotein profile, lipoprotein function, oxidative status, as well as markers of vascular dysfunction.

EXPECTED RESULTS. The aim of this protocol is to determine that the adherence (Good) to the EVOO supplementation protocol will reduce the oxidative status, the markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the maternal and neonatal blood as well as in placental vessels, promoting an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile and function, without reduction of the total cholesterol levels. As a second outcome of this aim, the adherence determination by the dietary questionaries, will also allow to determine the predisposition of this population (pregnant women) to a dietary intervention. This data will be useful to propose bigger interventions in the future. Finally, it is expect to determine the association between EVOO supplementation and clinical parameters of pregnancy outcome (weight gain, blood pressure, birth weight, week of delivery).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women at 26-28 weeks of gestation
• Singleton pregnancies
• Pregnancies without fetal malformations

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women with pre-gestational and/or gestational diabetes mellitus
• Pregnant women with obesity before or during pregnancy
• Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia,
• Pregnant women with pregnancy hypertensive syndrome
• Pregnant women with fetal growth retardation

The participant will be codified and only clinical parameters are requerid