Identification of Exercise Components of Core Stability and Their Effectiveness on Foot Posture, Foot Function, and Lower Limb Alignment in Adults With Flexible Flat Feet
Identification of Exercise Components of Core Stability and Their Effectiveness on Foot Posture, Foot Function, and Lower Limb Alignment in Adults With Flexible Flat Feet
Flexible flat foot is a very common musculoskeletal disorder of lower limbs in general population. Studies have reported that a flexible flat foot causes an alteration in the human body structures and lower limb kinetics due to a rotational torque in the tibia and femur which in turn affects the lumbar spine. This altered mechanics affects the musculature around the lumbar spine especially the core muscles. A strong link between core muscles and lower limb control, foot posture and pressure force has been found in previous studies. While the role of core muscles on lower limb posture and functions has been determined, there is lack of evidence on the benefits of core stabilization exercises on foot arch deficits. Hence, the proposed study will determine the exercise components of core muscles training that are relevant for the flat foot pathology and then will experiment its effects on the foot posture and function. The first step of the proposed study will begin with an extensive literature survey to identify the components of core stability training that have been recommended in the management of lower limbs dysfunction. Then, a protocol of core muscles training will be devised and followed up with a pilot study where the purpose will be to assess the feasibility of the training protocol. The final step of the proposed study will be an experimental study. The subjects for the experimental study will be selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria and will be allocated alternately into experimental and control group. The experimental group will receive core stability training as an intervention. Whereas the control group will receive traditional conventional physiotherapy treatment. The foot posture, foot function and lower limb alignment will be assessed before and after the completion of treatment protocol. The data will be analyzed for any differences between group differences and between group differences. The outcomes of the proposed study may have an implication in the lower limb alignment and foot arch correction strategies.
Objective of study:
To assess effect of core stability on foot posture, function and limb alignment in adults with flexible flat feet.
Description of Methodology
The study will be conducted in the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus at the research lab of the Department of Physical Rehabilitation Sciences. The pilot randomized control trial will be done to test the protocol of exercises, which were developed by authors after a systematic review. Then a randomized control trial will be conducted in the next phase.
A total of 20 Subjects(Pilot trial) with flexible flat feet will be chosen from the Kuantan community between the age group of 18 to 35 years using simple random sampling for pilot RCT and sample size for the Main RCT will be calculated after the completion of Pilot RCT.
Detailed Description of patient selection :
Subjects with flat feet will be identified from Kuantan community by one researcher using advertisement banners and inviting the general population to participate in the research and the patients will be identified using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
After that the subjects will be randomly allocated to two groups (Experimental group and control group) using random generator by one investigator, who will not be a part of assessment and administering exercises to the patients and allocation will be concealed. Then base line assessment of the patients for: Staheli Plantar arch Index, Rare foot angle, Foot function Index, Qangle, and core muscle endurance will be assessed for both the groups by an assessor who will have no role in administering exercises to the patients. Then two clinicial physiotherapists will be assigned for administering the exercises to the experimental group and control group. The clinician who will be treating the experimental group will only treat patients of the experimental group and the physiotherapist assigned to control group will be only treating patients in control group.
Details of Protocol of exercises for Pilot study:
A detailed literature survey was conducted and a systematic review was done by five researchers to identify the components of core stability exercises that may have a potential to improve lower limb function and also identify the parameters of exercise prescription. Review was conducted from December 2023 untill August 2024 and was registered with PROSPERO with registration number (CRD42023491502). Now after all the components and parameters have been identified exercises will be implemented with following details:
Pilot Experimental group:
Experimental group will undergo following components of core stability exercises : 1. Cross curl ups 2. Bridges 3. Side bridges 4. Planks 5. Quadrepedal stance
The exercises will be implemented for a period of 6 weeks in three phases:
In phase 1 the exercises will be performed with 15 seconds hold for isometric contraction and 10 repetitions for isotonic component, 3 times and 120 seconds rest between the sets.
In Phase 2 same exercises will be performed with 20 seconds hold or 15 repetitions (isometric or isotonic respectively), 3 time and 120 seconds rest between the sets.
In Phase 3 same exercises will be performed with 25 seconds hold or 20 repetitions (isometric or isotonic respectively), 3 time and 120 seconds rest between the sets.
The patients will be taught the exercises in a face to face session at the start of the session and then will follow the exercises three times weekly as home exercises, i.e.... In phase 1 on Monday the patients will visit the research Lab and the assigned physiotherapist will administer the core stability exercise session and provide education about the exercise programme and then the patients will perform these exercises three time weekly for next 2 weeks. After the completion of phase 1 the patients will again visit the research Lab and assigned physiotherapist will again administer the core stability exercise session and provide education and the patients will follow the exercises three times weekly. Same procedure will be followed for the phase 3 also. For home exercises session a soft copy of pdf booklet will be circulated to the patients via a common WhatsApp group and reminders for the exercises will be given via WhatsApp group. Also a spread sheet using google forms will be created and shared with all the patients to report the attendance and to address any difficulties the subjects are facing while performing exercises in order to get the feed back about protocol.
The exercises will be preceded with a 5 minutes warm up exercises( Cat camel exercises & supine roiling) 3 times each AND end with a cool down exercise of self-stretching of hamstrings and calf in long sitting position 3 times with 10 seconds hold.
Pilot Control group:
A physiotherapist assigned for the control group will administer first session of every phase in face to face mode and the remaining sessions of the phase will be home programmed with a soft copy booklet of exercises provided to each participant via a separate WhatsApp group in a similar fashion as that of experimental group.
Pilot control group will undergo foot exercises three time weekly for a period of 6 weeks with following exercises:
Exercise session will start with arm up session of 5 minutes with Active range of motion exercises (Knee and hip flexion) 10 repetitions × 2 sets
Then a Training session for foot muscles will follow with following exercises:
Active dorsiflexion exercises in long sitting (10 sec hold × 15 repetitions ×2 sets) Active plantarflexion exercises in long sitting (10 sec hold × 15 repetitions ×2 sets) Active inversion exercises in long sitting (10 sec hold × 15 repetitions ×2 sets) Active eversion exercises in long sitting (10 sec hold × 15 repetitions ×2 sets)
Finally end with Cool down of calf stretches in long sitting for 10 seconds hold × 3 sets
After the completion of six weeks of exercises, Staheli Plantar arch Index, Rare foot angle, Foot function Index, Q angle, and core muscle endurance will be again measured by the same assessor who had assessed these outcomes earlier at the baseline.
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Details of Protocol of exercises for Main RCT:
(Sample size for Main RCT will be calculated after the completion of Pilot RCT.)
After the completion of pilot study the feed back from the participants, which was gathered verbally using interview method at the end of every 2 weeks and will be analyzed and any fine tuning of the protocol, if required will be done and the exercises will be administered in the same fashion as mentioned in the pilot trial i.e... in nutshell two groups will be created (Experimental and control ) using random generator by one investigator and then the subjects will be assessed for the outcomes already mentioned (Staheli Plantar arch Index, Rare foot angle, Q angle, and core muscle endurance) in both the groups by an assessor who will have no role in administering exercises to the patients. Then the core stability exercises and conventional foot exercises will be administered to experimental and control groups respectively by two separate physiotherapists in similar way as described in the pilot study with same parameters in three phases for 6 weeks with treatment administered three times weekly. Finally arch index, rare foot angle, foot function Index, Q angle and core muscle endurance will be again measures in both the groups.
The Pilot study was completed on 30th January 2024 while the recruitment had started on 16th October 2024 and the main trial will resume later:
Completed Pilot study Description:
The study aimed to evaluate the preliminary effects and feasibility with acceptability of an exercise program developed based on a systematic review. As part of this, a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted and has now been completed. The feasibility assessment included recruitment rate, adherence, participant feedback, and preliminary outcome measures. Data analysis for the pilot phase has been completed. Statistical analysis(using percentage for ordinal data, means and standard deviation for continuous data to describe the sample) was also conducted on the collected data to assess the feasibility and preliminary effects of the intervention.
The data from the pilot study was used to calculate the required sample size for main RCT. Which has been calculated as 62 participants including 20% buffer to cover up attrition if any.
The study will resume at a later stage to proceed with the main trial as per the original protocol. No changes have been made to the study design or methodology following the pilot phase. The primary completion date and final study completion date remain unchanged, as they reflect the timeline for the full trial.
Resumption for Main RCT:
Main RCT has started screening the subjects from general population from 10th July 2025
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: