Background: Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal health problem with the highest prevalence in the adult population; globally, it represents a relevant cause of medical, social and economic burden. The aim of the proposed study is to determine the effect of a standard treatment for non-specific low back (CNSLBP) combined with multimodal osteopathy treatment on pain intensity and functional capacity.

Methods: This will be a blind randomized clinical trial, with 44 patients with CNSLBP, randomly assigned into two groups: Experimental group (EG) treated with therapeutic exercises and multimodal osteopathy treatment (n=22) and Control group (CG) treated with therapeutic exercises (n=22). Participants will receive treatment twice a week (total of 16 sessions). The primary outcome is pain, measured by numeric rating scale (NRS: score 0-11 points). Secondary outcomes are: Patient-specific functional scale (scored from 0 to 30), Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ), finger-to-floor distance test (FFD). Participants will be evaluated pre- and post-treatment and after 1 and 3 months (follow-up).

Results: Analysis will be by intention to treat using linear mixed models. Comparisons between groups before and after treatment will demonstrate whether osteopathy treatment exerts a supplementary effect on pain and functional capacity in patients with CNSLBP. The data will be published after the study is completed. The study will support the practice of evidence-based physical therapy for individuals with CNSLBP.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Individuals within the age range of 18-70 years;
• Chronic low back pain in the region between the 12th rib and the gluteal fold, with a minimum duration of 6 weeks with or without referral of pain in the lower limbs;
• no specific cause detectable, such as infection, neoplasia, metastasis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, fracture, inflammatory process or radicular syndrome.
• baseline pain: minimum intensity score of 3 out of 10 (0 = no pain, 10 = most intense pain) considered and verified by the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous history of spinal disorders (local trauma, cauda equina syndrome, spinal canal stenosis, congenital abnormalities tumor);
• Inflammatory or infectious diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and vertebral osteomyelitis);
• Previous lumbar spine surgery;
• Pregnant women;
• Regular opioid analgesics (≥2 times per week) or opioid patches;
• Receiving disability benefits for back pain or even for another health reason;
• Previous injections for back pain, such as facet joint blocks, nerve root or epidural steroid injection in the previous year;
• Having undergone physical therapy, massage, acupuncture or any other therapeutic intervention for back pain in the previous two weeks;
• Osteopathy techniques that are not used as a treatment for low back pain;
• Neuropathic pain tested with Laségue and Valsalva clinical tests.

Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)