Most patients admitted to intensive care after severe trauma, high-risk surgery, or acute respiratory distress are frequently characterized by significant initial inflammation accompanied by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response, which can lead to profound post-aggressive immunosuppression. This immunosuppression is associated with an increased risk of nosocomial infections, viral reactivations, prolonged ICU stays, and ultimately, increased mortality. Consequently, immunostimulation with agents such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) has been proposed as a means to restore immune defense in the most severe patients. However, in a recent study conducted on mechanically ventilated patients with acute organ failure, treatment with interferon gamma-1b compared to placebo did not significantly reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia or 28-day mortality and was even associated with an increase in severe side effects, leading to the premature termination of the trial. These results, along with previous studies, suggest that for IFN-γ to be effective, it must be targeted at patients who have reached the immunosuppressive phase. In the absence of evident clinical signs, the use of biomarkers could guide clinicians in identifying the appropriate patients and the optimal timing for this therapy.

In a recent monocentric study, they evaluated a new automated IFN-γ assay on a cohort of 22 septic patients to monitor T lymphocyte functionality independently of antigen. As expected, the results showed a marked decrease in IFN-γ release, which correlated with altered classical cellular parameters (CD8+ T cells, mHLA-DR). Since the test is performed using whole blood, requires no technician intervention, and provides results within four hours, this project propose to characterize the evolution of the immune status of a large cohort of ICU patients, including those with severe trauma, high-risk surgery, or acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Most patients admitted to intensive care after severe trauma, high-risk surgery, or acute respiratory distress are frequently characterized by significant initial inflammation accompanied by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response, which can lead to profound post-aggressive immunosuppression. This immunosuppression is associated with an increased risk of nosocomial infections, viral reactivations, prolonged ICU stays, and ultimately, increased mortality. Consequently, immunostimulation with agents such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) has been proposed as a means to restore immune defense in the most severe patients. However, in a recent study conducted on mechanically ventilated patients with acute organ failure, treatment with interferon gamma-1b compared to placebo did not significantly reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia or 28-day mortality and was even associated with an increase in severe side effects, leading to the premature termination of the trial. These results, along with previous studies, suggest that for IFN-γ to be effective, it must be targeted at patients who have reached the immunosuppressive phase. In the absence of evident clinical signs, the use of biomarkers could guide clinicians in identifying the appropriate patients and the optimal timing for this therapy.

Among the described immune alterations and associated biomarkers in critically ill patients, the decrease in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA-DR) expression on monocytes (mHLA-DR) has been studied more extensively and is now considered a reliable biomarker for guiding myeloid-targeted immunotherapies. While functional tests are the best means to explore acquired immunosuppression in the ICU, as they directly measure the capacity of a given cell population to respond to an in vitro stimulus, they present analytical obstacles to their deployment. Most protocols are "homemade" and lack standardization, which is a major obstacle to large-scale trials and their use in clinical practice.

In a recent monocentric study, they evaluated a new automated IFN-γ assay on a cohort of 22 septic patients to monitor T lymphocyte functionality independently of antigen. As expected, the results showed a marked decrease in IFN-γ release, which correlated with altered classical cellular parameters (CD8+ T cells, mHLA-DR). Since the test is performed using whole blood, requires no technician intervention, and provides results within four hours, this project propose to characterize the evolution of the immune status of a large cohort of ICU patients, including those with severe trauma, high-risk surgery, or acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 18 years or older
• Patients admitted to intensive care after severe trauma, or presenting with acute respiratory distress, or undergoing cardiac, vascular, or digestive surgery with planned postoperative intensive care. Exclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

• Expressed opposition from the patient, a relative (if applicable), or their legal representative (guardian, curator)
• Pregnant woman
• Hemoglobin less than 7g/dl at inclusion

Patient included will be adult patients admitted to intensive care after severe trauma, high-risk surgery, or presenting with acute respiratory distress

The procedures carried out with the French data privacy authority (CNIL, Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés) do not provide for the transmission of the database, nor do the information and consent documents signed by the patients.

Consultation by the editorial board or interested researchers of individual participant data that underlie the results reported in the article after deidentification may nevertheless be considered, subject to prior determination of the terms and conditions of such consultation and in respect for compliance with the applicable regulations

Beginning 3 months and ending 3 years following article publication. Requests out of these time frame can also be submitted to the sponsor.

Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal.