Group A received motor control exercises with low level laser therapy

Group B received motor control exercises with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

The Low-level laser (LLL) pain-relief instrument RG-300IB (code E22), manufactured in China, was utilized for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in Group A . The therapy employed a wavelength of 830 nm (near infrared) and involved careful skin contact hygiene at specified positions, 2.5 and 3.5 cm laterally from the spinous process (L4, L5, or S1) and one distal level segment. The laser operated at a repetition rate of 5,000, with a power density of 300 mW/cm2 and a power output of 10 mW. Each point received 3 J of energy, resulting in a density of 3 J/cm2, with four points. The spot size was 1 cm, and each point received a 30-second treatment. The energy was administered three times per week for four weeks

It comprises a 10-centimeter-long horizontal line secured at both ends with anchors. The initial anchor signifies the absence of pain, whereas the final anchor represents the most terrible pain. The patient was instructed to indicate the point through the line that most accurately represented the intensity of discomfort. The measurement was obtained by tracing the distance from the zero extremities to the patient's mark

Assessing functional disability in patients afflicted with LBP is accomplished with a valid and dependable instrument. There are six possible responses to each of the ten queries, which includes the daily functional disability. The patient chose the response that best described his impairment. Scores up to 50 are possible and are divided as follows: each question takes 5, the first statement takes 0, and the sixth statement takes 5 scores. The maximum score in this study was 45. All scores were subsequently tallied and converted to a percentage of the total score. A greater score is indicative of a severe disability. Scores between 0 and 20 represent minimal disability. Disability levels are classified as follows: scores between 40 and 60 indicate moderate disability; scores between 60 and 80 indicate disabled disability; and scores between 80 and 100 indicate bedridden patients

The researcher positioned himself behind the patient standing to use his thumbs to identify the two posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS). He then delineated these two spines with a line on the skin, with the first mark located at the midpoint of the line and the second mark positioned 15 cm above. Subsequently, the researcher directed the patient to flex forward to the greatest extent possible while remaining within the boundaries of pain