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The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of verbal suggestion on the therapeutic effect of the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain in relation to the pain level, stress, disability, function, sleepiness, tissue temperature and selected blood biochemical markers.
The study participants will be randomly assigned (sealed allocation envelopes) to the following groups:
The study will mainly consist of the three stages, i.e. before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later.
Pain is complex in nature and is closely related to the secretion of biochemical markers such as cortisol, serotonin and oxytocin. Higher levels of inflammatory markers, cytokines and chemokines have been found in patients with low back pain, which ultimately affect the clinical manifestations observed in the patients.
One of the methods of physiotherapeutic treatment of spinal disorders involving manual diagnostic and therapeutic techniques is manual therapy. In the therapy, among others, joint manipulation techniques are used. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of the joint manipulation on the body have not been fully explained. Undoubtedly, one of the main mechanisms of action of manual therapy is pain modulation.
In recent years, research has been increasingly focusing on manipulation in a psychological context, including mechanisms of fear-avoidance, pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia. Furthermore, manipulation can affect immune and endocrine system responses.
One of the significant non-specific effects accompanying any medical procedure is a placebo effect. The way health care professionals discuss, describe and inform patients about characteristic symptoms of a given disease its prevention, diagnosis and treatment, influences the patients' feelings and expectations, which in turn affect their psycho-biological reactions, subjective perception and treatment outcomes.
The appropriate choice of words by clinicians influences patients' responses to medical treatments and procedures, whether active or sham. The way in which information about the outcome of a treatment is communicated to patients can induce the reinforcing effects of a given treatment (placebo) or reverse the clinically proven effects of an active treatment, or even increase its adverse outcomes in the form of a nocebo effect.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of verbal suggestion on the therapeutic effect of the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain in relation to the pain level, stress, disability, function, sleepiness, tissue temperature and selected blood biochemical markers.
Research questions:
The participants will be selected for the study from the group of students from John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska, Poland. The participation in the study will be voluntary.
The study will mainly consist of the three stages, i.e. before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later. Once, before the intervention, a scale will be used for the subjective assessment of the expectations for the treatment outcomes based on the GRoC methodology. The other research tools will be used in two stages: an information questionnaire (before the intervention and 24 hours after the intervention) and a scale for the subjective assessment of the treatment outcomes based on the GRoC methodology (immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A (test intervention + placebo communication) | Experimental | Participants who will undergo the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine region and receive positive communication - placebo. |
|
| Group B (test intervention + nocebo communication) | Experimental | Participants who will undergo the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine region and receive negative communication - nocebo. |
|
| Group C (test intervention + neutral communication) | Other | Participants who will undergo the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine region and receive neutral communication. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lumbar manipulation | Other | Participant lies in the supine position, a physiotherapist faces the participant's side that will be manipulated. The participant interlocks their fingers behind their neck. Then the physiotherapist turns the participant on their side and performs a short thrust across the participant's pelvis in a posterior and inferior direction. The manipulation will be carried out on the symptomatic side, based on the participant's indication of the painful side. If the participant is unable to indicate the more symptomatic side, the physiotherapist performing the procedure will select the side. If no audible cavitation occurs during the manipulation, the physiotherapist will attempt to manipulate the opposite side. A maximum of 2 attempts per side will be allowed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) | The participant gives a score expressed in numbers from 0 to 10 | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) | The 17 item TSK total scores range from 17 to 68, where the lowest 17 means no or negligible kinesiophobia, and the higher scores indicate an increasing degree of kinesiophobia. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Back Pain Function Scale (BPFS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kamil Zaworski, Ph.D. | John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska | Biała Podlaska | Lublin Voivodeship | 21-500 | Poland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41778600 | Derived | Zaworski K, Baj-Korpak J, Tokarska-Rodak M, Plazuk E, Nazarewicz A, Rossettini G. Verbal framing, rather than measured cognitive-affective variables, is associated with short-term outcomes after spinal manipulation: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Pain Manag. 2026 May;16(5):461-470. doi: 10.1080/17581869.2026.2638403. Epub 2026 Mar 4. | |
| 41106172 |
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Analytical data will be available through direct contact with the research team and in the publication process as supplementary materials.
From the completion of the research for the next five years.
Direct contact with the research team.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001416 | Back Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020393 | Manipulation, Spinal |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026201 | Musculoskeletal Manipulations |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
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It will be a prospective follow-up study, with a type of message used as a differentiating variable (positive - placebo, negative - nocebo, neutral).
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Participants will be randomly assigned to groups. One of the researchers will then give the person a verbal message (dependent on the study group). The physiotherapist performing the joint manipulation will not know which study group a given patient belongs to. The researcher collecting results and performing statistical analysis will also be blinded.
|
| Positive communication - placebo | Other | Participants from Group A who will undergo the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine region and receive the following information: "Joint manipulation is a very effective method of treating spinal disorders, which will significantly reduce the low back pain you are experiencing" (positive communication - placebo). |
|
| Negative communication - nocebo | Other | Participants form Group B who will undergo the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine region and receive the following information: "Joint manipulation is not an effective method of treating spinal disorders, thus it may temporarily increase the low back pain you are experiencing" (negative communication - nocebo). |
|
| Neutral communication | Other | Participants from Group C who will undergo the joint manipulation of the lumbar spine region and receive the following information: "Joint manipulation has not been verified for its effectiveness in affecting your level of low back pain" (neutral communication). |
|
In the Back Pain Function Scale (BFPS), the participant assesses twelve actions related to everyday life activity in a scale of 0 to 5. The results fall within a range of 0 to 60 points, whereby the higher the final result, the lower the level of pain. |
| Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) | The scale consists of 10 questions, with answers scored from 0 to 4. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Stress Numerical Rating Scale-11 | The participant gives a score expressed in numbers from 0 to 10. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) | The participant is asked to tick a statement when it applies to him/her that specific day; this makes it possible to follow changes in time. The end score is the sum of the ticked boxes. The score ranges from 0 (no disability) to 24 (max. disability) depending on the questionnaire used. Roland and Morris omitted describing the various levels of disability (for example, 40%-60% of disability is severe). | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) | The ESS is a self-administered questionnaire with 8 questions. The participants are asked to rate, on a 4-point scale (0-3), their usual chances of dozing off or falling asleep while engaged in eight different activities. | Before the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Serological test - cortisol | During the blood collection, the participants will be placed in a sitting position. Before the blood collection, the following information should be reported: susceptibility to bleeding (bleeding diathesis), susceptibility to fainting during blood collection. In order to determine cortisol levels, the laboratory tests (with the use of immunoenzymatic methods (ELISA tests)) will be performed at the Medical Laboratory of the Innovation Research Center of John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska. The result will be expressed in nmol/L. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Serological test - serotonin | During the blood collection, the participants will be placed in a sitting position. Before the blood collection, the following information should be reported: susceptibility to bleeding (bleeding diathesis), susceptibility to fainting during blood collection. In order to determine serotonin levels, the laboratory tests (with the use of immunoenzymatic methods (ELISA tests)) will be performed at the Medical Laboratory of the Innovation Research Center of John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska. The result will be expressed in ng/ml. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Serological test - oxytocin | During the blood collection, the participants will be placed in a sitting position. Before the blood collection, the following information should be reported: susceptibility to bleeding (bleeding diathesis), susceptibility to fainting during blood collection. In order to determine oxytocin levels, the laboratory tests (with the use of immunoenzymatic methods (ELISA tests)) will be performed at the Medical Laboratory of the Innovation Research Center of John Paul II University in Biała Podlaska. The result will be expressed in mU/l. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Tests with a thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, USA) | The measurement will be taken in the forward lying position at the level of the three segments: L3, L4 and L5, at three points: the spinous process and on its both sides (2 cm from the spinous process laterally) in the area of the extensor muscles of the lumbar spine.The result will be marked in degrees Celsius. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Tests with the Medi-Mouse (Switzerland) | The assessment of the range of motion of the lumbar spine flexion and extension.The result will be expressed in degrees. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| The assessment of the pain levels with the Baseline dolorimeter | The measurement will be taken in the forward lying position at the level of the three segments: L3, L4 and L5, at three points: the spinous process and on its both sides (2 cm from the spinous process laterally) in the area of the extensor muscles of the lumbar spine. A participant will be asked to report when they feel pain at an intensity of 1/10, and a researcher will read the pressure on the dolorimeter. | Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Scale for the subjective assessment of the expectations for the treatment outcomes based on the GRoC methodology | 15-point Likert scale - from -7 (lowest expectations) to +7 (highest expectations). | Before the intervention |
| Scale for the subjective assessment of the treatment outcomes based on the GRoC methodology | 15-point Likert scale - from -7 (significant worsening of symptoms) to +7 (significant improvement). | Immediately after the intervention and 24 hours later |
| Zaworski K, Baj-Korpak J, Tokarska-Rodak M, Plazuk E, Dyrda A, Bialosky J, Rossettini G. Can pre-treatment verbal suggestions influence the short-term effects of spinal manipulation in young adults with chronic non-specific low back pain? A randomized controlled trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2025 Nov;80:103431. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2025.103431. Epub 2025 Oct 10. |