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The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of optic nerve diameter (OND) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurements made with transorbital sonography (TOS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patient groups that may progress with subclinical optic atrophy over time, such as those with multiple sclerosis (MS). The secondary aims of this study are to compare the relationship of TOS with visual evoked potentials (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters used in the assessment of the afferent visual pathway in MS and its clinical subtypes and to evaluate the potential of TOS as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for detecting optic nerve atrophy, subclinical axonal loss, and clinical disability in MS.
The study included 102 patients with MS-81 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 19 with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 2 with primary progressive MS (PPMS)-as well as 34 healthy controls, all selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data for all participants, and clinical characteristics of the MS patient group, were recorded. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) measurements were performed for the patients. Then, TOS, orbital MRI, VEP and OCT examinations were applied to the individuals in the patient group on the same day for each eye. Measurements recorded included OND and ONSD by TOS and MRI, P100 latency and amplitude by VEP, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness by OCT. In the healthy control group, OND and ONSD were measured using only transorbital TOS to establish normal measurement ranges.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with Multiple Sclerosis | (MS Patients) |
| |
| Healthy Controls (HC) | Healthy Controls (HC) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transorbital Sonography | Other | OND and ONSD of participants in the MS patient group and healthy control group were measured by TOS. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Transorbital Sonography | OND and ONSD of participants in the MS patient group and healthy control group were measured by TOS. | 2 minutes |
| Orbita Magnetic Resonance Imaging | OND and ONSD of participants in the MS patient group were measured by orbita MRI. | 30 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Evoked Potentials | Visual Evoked Potentials | 20 minutes |
| Optical Coherence Tomography | pRNFL thickness of participants in the MS patient group were measured by OCT. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients having been diagnosed with MS and healthy volunteers.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kutahya Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine | Kütahya | Kütahya | 43100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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|
| Orbita Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Other | OND and ONSD of participants in the MS patient group were measured by orbita MRI. |
|
|
| Visual Evoked Potentials | Other | P100 amplitude and P100 latency values of participants in the MS patient group were measured by VEP. |
|
|
| Optical Coherence Tomography | Other | pRNFL thickness of participants in the MS patient group were measured by OCT. |
|
|
| 15 minutes |
| Expanded Disability Status Scale | Disability Status Evaluation. A score of 0 on the scale indicates normal neurological status, while a score of 10 means MS-related death. | 30 minutes |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005074 | Evoked Potentials, Visual |
| D041623 | Tomography, Optical Coherence |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005071 | Evoked Potentials |
| D000071080 | Cortical Excitability |
| D055724 | Electrophysiological Phenomena |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D009424 | Nervous System Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| D009799 | Ocular Physiological Phenomena |
| D041622 | Tomography, Optical |
| D061848 | Optical Imaging |
| D003952 | Diagnostic Imaging |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
| D014054 | Tomography |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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