Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Chronic Pain in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Chronic Pain in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: an Exploratory, Interventional, Non-randomized Controlled Study

The diagnosis of chronic pain currently lacks objective and quantifiable biomarkers. This study aims to observe the EEG characteristics of patients with chronic pain following spinal cord injury and subsequently administer analgesic interventions with remifentanil, esketamine, flurbiprofen, and spinal cord stimulation. The correlation between EEG features and pain intensity will be examined. The research aims to advance the objectification of chronic pain diagnosis and treatment.

Spinal Cord Injury Patients With Chronic Pain

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 - 65 years old;
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-III;
• Dextromanual;
• Chronic Pain following Spinal Cord Injury;
• Spinal cord electrical stimulator implantation under general anesthesia;
• Signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• People with mental and behavioral disorders.
• Previous history of craniocerebral disease;
• History of drug and alcohol abuse;
• Patients with aphasia or inability to cooperate with the pain assessments;
• Previous adverse reaction to esketamine, opioids or NSAIDs;
• Known sever insufficiency of vitals(such as heart failure/renal dysfunction/hepatic failure);
• Patients with myasthenia gravis, bronchial asthma, or a predisposition to respiratory depression;
• Bleeding tendency;
• BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²;
• Pregnancy or lactation.

Spinal Cord Injury Patients Without Pain

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 - 65 years old;
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-III;
• Dextromanual;
• Spinal Cord Injury Patients Without Pain;
• Spinal cord electrical stimulator implantation under general anesthesia;
• Signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• People with mental and behavioral disorders.
• Previous history of craniocerebral disease;
• History of drug and alcohol abuse;
• Patients with aphasia or inability to cooperate with the pain assessments;
• Previous adverse reaction to esketamine, opioids or NSAIDs;
• Known sever insufficiency of vitals(such as heart failure/renal dysfunction/hepatic failure);
• Patients with myasthenia gravis, bronchial asthma, or a predisposition to respiratory depression;
• Bleeding tendency;
• BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²;
• Pregnancy or lactation.