Factors Associated With Perioperative Anxiety Among Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography or Angioplasty: a Cross-sectional Study
Factors Associated With Perioperative Anxiety Among Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography or Angioplasty: a Cross-sectional Study
Anxiety is defined as apprehension, tension, or uneasiness that originates from the danger which may be internal or external. Anxiety may manifest with symptoms related to behavior, emotions, and cognition. Anxiety is prevalent in patients before interventional procedures and deteriorates postoperative outcomes, for example, elevated level of postoperative pain, increased infection rate, and high mortality rate.
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of mortality, disability, and workforce loss, resulting from the narrowing or obstruction of one or more branches of the coronary arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. Coronary angiogram and angioplasty are among the most popular diagnostic and treatment tools available to cardiologists. However, patients and their families often experience anxiety before the procedure due to inadequate psychological preparation.
The majority of research about perioperative anxiety focused on surgery. Magnitude of preoperative anxiety as reported in some studies was in the range of 60-80% in the western population while some researchers showed a wider range, which was 11-80%. However, there is a lack of research reporting the prevalence of anxiety among patients arranged for minimally invasive procedures, especially coronary procedures. To the best of our knowledge, a cross-sectional study conducted in Africa among 267 cardiac patients found that 70.4% of them experienced perioperative anxiety. In contrast, similar studies reported that this figure was 35.0% in Europe and 35.7% in Australia. There was significant variation of anxiety level across countries. As a result, it is unacceptable to extrapolate the magnitude of anxiety in one nation to another with different socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare systems and family support. Moreover anxiety levels before surgery are influenced by various factors such as individual susceptibility, age, gender, prior surgical experiences, education, type and complexity of the surgery, current health condition, and socioeconomic status. Identifying risk factors helps healthcare provider to support psychological services during the preoperative visit so that stress can be reduced. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of preoperative anxiety among Vietnamese patients and explore the factors associated with it within the context of Asian culture.
This is a cross-sectional study conducted at University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City. The patients were included in our study when patients were more than 18 years old and were able to comprehend Vietnamese language. The patients were excluded from study if the patients were unconscious and not oriented. On the procedural day, when the patients were in waiting room at DSA unit, investigators distributed a self-administer questionnaire to patients who had accepted to participate. The questionnaire is constructed from three parts, namely, demographics, perioperative factors, and the anxiety scale. Investigators employed "The Pre-operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI)" as a tool to measure the anxiety scale. PITI 20 comprises twenty questions. This valid and reliable tool has Cronbach's Alpha score of 0.91. The English questionnaire was adapted and translated into the Vietnamese language and back to English. The answers contain 4 response options (4-point Likert scale ranging from "not at all" with 0 points, "some of the time" with 1 point, "often" with 2 points, and "most of the time" with 3 points). 0 and 60 points are the highest and lowest score respectively, the author of the tool reported that patients with 15 or more scores on the PITI-20 scale reliably were classified as high preoperative anxiety while participants who scored less than fifteen were classified as low preoperative anxiety. Section A: Demographic characteristics (8 questions) Section B: perioperative factors (4 questions) Section C: Pre-operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI) anxiety scale (20 questions).
Categorical and nominal variables were presented as percentages and continuous variables as means and standard deviations. Noncontinuous variables were compared using the chi-square test and continuous variables using Student's t-test. Independent variables were identified via logistic regression. A two-sided p-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: