M2VA case managers at sites randomized to TAU will receive an initial 8-hour virtual didactic and experiential workshop conducted by an experienced Motivational Interviewing and M2VAPCP trainer, Dr. Martino, who is a longstanding member of the Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers. The first four hours of the workshop will focus on principles and practices of Motivational Interviewing. The last four hours will be a review the M2VAPCP protocol, with demonstration and practice of its elements. Following the workshop, case managers will have up to seven opportunities to practice M2VAPCP with simulated patients over a 21-month period

M2VA case managers at sites randomized to IF+TAU will receive the M2VAPCP training workshop described above and IF delivered virtually for 21 months after receiving the M2VAPCP training workshop. IF for this trial will be organized around three major components: 1) an external facilitation team consisting of clinical and implementation experts who will work with internal facilitators at each site; 2) multifaceted activities to support the use of M2VAPCP; and 3) ongoing formative evaluation.

M2VAPCP is a manualized Motivational Interviewing-based intervention, designed to motivate Veterans to engage in multimodal nonpharmacological pain care and reduce substance misuse when present. The first session includes empathic exploration of the Veteran's MSD, pain experiences, and motivations for pain care; psychoeducation about the benefits of multimodal pain care and judicious use of non-opioid medications; information about available pain management services and treatments for conditions that might exacerbate chronic pain; screening for substance misuse, including prescription medications, and motivational enhancement to change behaviors related to positive screens; and for those interested, making plans to achieve these goals. Over 12 weeks, case managers will hold up to two additional sessions with participants to check on their goal achievement and continue motivational enhancement for multimodal pain treatment and reduced substance misuse.

Proportion of participants who receive any M2VAPCP

Three questions about the past week's pain. One question asks about pain severity and two questions ask about pain interference. Each item is rated on a 0-10 Likert scale. Responses are added together and divided by three to get a final score out of 10. A higher score indicates more severe pain and pain-related interference with life and activities.

Proportion of case managers who receive training in M2VAPCP and proportion of those trained who used M2VAPCP with at least three participants

Integrity of case managers' use of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in M2VAPCP sessions. Measured with LYSSN-generated overall quality score. The score ranges from 0-12 and summarizes MI proficiency across 6 MI fidelity metrics: empathy, collaboration, % reflections, % questions, % MI adherence, and ratio of reflections to questions. Each of the 6 metrics is scored 0,1, or 2 on whether the score met criteria for basic or advanced competency, using cutoffs from the MITI v3.1.1 manual. This score summarizes the quality of MI delivered, with higher scores indicating better MI performance.