Clinical studies applying ozonated autohemotherapy to treat acute cerebrovascular diseases have validated the safety and efficacy of this treatment, as well as explored its mechanism of action.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Confirmed by cranial CT or MRI examination, first-ever stroke, hospital admission within <24 hours of symptom onset,
2. age >18 years,
3. NIHSS score between 4 and 15,
4. TOAST classification as large artery atherosclerosis,
5. complete clinical records, minimum follow-up period of ≥3 months post-discharge,
6. willingness to undergo brachial blood puncture treatment, and provision of informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. other neurological disorders, cerebral infarction caused by vertebral-basilar artery disease, cardioembolic stroke, or large-vessel vasculitis, acute or chronic infectious diseases, autoimmune or hematologic disorders, malignant tumors, mental abnormalities, severe heart, liver, or kidney dysfunction, intracerebral hemorrhage, and craniocerebral surgery history.
2. Contraindications for ozone therapy included hyperthyroidism, favism, severe coagulation disorders, and abnormal puncture site barriers