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The aim was to evaluate the Achilles tendon size and static and dynamic balance, as well as the role of Achilles tendon on balance in prediabetes. A total of 96 patients were divided into three groups: 1)the control group, consisting of patients without diabetes; 2)the prediabetes group; 3)the diabetes mellitus group. Ultrasonographic measurements of Achilles tendon sizes were performed. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale, static balance was assessed.The Self-Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs was utilized to identify neuropathic pain.
Background/Aims: There is a lack of studies that examine balance problems and Achilles tendon thickness in prediabetes, despite their common occurrence in diabetes. The aim was to evaluate the Achilles tendon size and static and dynamic balance, as well as the role of Achilles tendon on balance in prediabetic patients.
Methods: A total of 96 patients were divided into three groups: 1)the control group, consisting of patients without diabetes; 2)the prediabetes group; 3)the diabetes mellitus group. Ultrasonographic measurements of Achilles tendon sizes (thickness, width and area) were performed. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale, static balance (the Fall Index, Stability Indexes) was assessed using a Tetrax device. The Self-Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs was utilized to identify neuropathic pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Patients in the control group had FPG< 100 mg/dl or 75g oral glucose tolerance test: second hour plasma glucose <140mg/dl and HbA1c values <5.7%. |
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| Prediabetes | The diagnosis of prediabetes was also confirmed through the patients' medical records. Patients with FPG 100-125 mg/dl or 75g oral glucose tolerance test: second hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl and HbA1c values 5.7-6.4% was included in the prediabetes group. |
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| Diabetes | The diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes was confirmed through the patients' medical records. Patients with FPG≥ 126mg/dl or 75g oral glucose tolerance test: second hour plasma glucose ≥200mg/dl and HbA1c ≥6.5% were included in the diabetes group. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ultrasonography evaluation | Device | Ultrasonographic measurements of the Achilles tendon were taken using Samsung Sonoace X7 ultrasound system equipped with an 8-13MHz linear transducer. After assuming a prone position on the examination table, the patients placed their feet against the wall and flexed their ankles to ensure optimal contact between the probe and the tendon. Measurements were taken separately on the right and left sides for each patient. Initially, the probe was positioned perpendicular to the long axis of the tendon for an axial plane assessment, followed by measurements of thickness (anterior-posterior), width (medial-lateral), and area at the level of the medial malleolus. The thickness and width measurements utilized the tendon's major axes, while the area measurements were automatically calculated by the device through continuous tracing of the tendon circumference in the same section |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| ultrasonographic measurement of achilles tendon | measurements of thickness (anterior-posterior), width (medial-lateral), and area of achilles tendon at the level of the medial malleolus were made | baseline |
| balance measurement | Static balance measurement were made with Tetrax Device | baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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This cross-sectional study was conducted with 90 patients who were admitted to a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic. The patients were divided into three groups: 1) the control group (patients who were neither prediabetic nor diabetic; 2) the prediabetes group (prediabetic patients); and 3) the Diabetes Mellitus group (patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus).
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fulya Bakilan | Eskişehir Osmangazi University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fulya Bakilan | Eskişehir | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011236 | Prediabetic State |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| tetrax device evaluation | Device | A Tetrax device was used to assess static balance. The patient was positioned on the platform and subjected to tests in eight different positions. For each position, a test measurement was made for a duration of 32 seconds, for a total of approximately 5 minutes. The normal eyes-open position was taken as the reference. The effects of vision on balance were observed in the eyes-closed position. Balance is dependent on the back of the heels and the lower vertebrae in this position. Conversely, in the eyes-closed position with the head tilted 30 degrees forward, there is a load on the upper vertebrae and neck. Following the measurements, the Tetrax software program was used to calculate the Fall Index and Stability Index |
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| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |