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The main objective of this study was to determine if the dural puncture epidural (DPE) anesthesia provides superior analgesia and better patient satisfaction when compared to traditional spinal anesthesia for rigid cystoscopy.
Most urologic surgeries are performed in a narrow and limited space with the minimally invasive technique or cystoscope, and most patients undergoing urologic surgeries are elderly individuals with other diseases.
Cystoscopic evaluation of the lower urinary tract is a vital part of an office-based urologic practice. However, regular surveillance cystoscopy is a significant source of morbidity for patients, and therefore attempts have been made to minimize discomfort secondary to this procedure.
Spinal anesthesia is popular for endoscopic urological surgery because of early recognition of symptoms caused by overhydration, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) syndrome and bladder perforation.
The dural puncture epidural (DPE) technique is a modification of the combined spinal epidural (CSE) technique, where a dural perforation is created from a spinal needle but intrathecal medication administration is withheld. The DPE technique has been shown to improve caudal spread of analgesia compared with epidural (EPL) technique without the side effects observed with the CSE technique.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spinal Anesthesia | Active Comparator | Patients received 3-ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 25 mcg fentanyl (0.5-ml). |
|
| Dural Puncture Epidural Anesthesia | Experimental | Patients received 15-ml mixture of bupivacaine 0.25% and 50 mcg fentanyl over 5 minutes , injected in the epidural space by epidural catheter at L3-L4 interspace, a dural puncture was created by the spinal needle. Braun's Espocan® combined spinal epidural kit before insertion of epidural catheter (needle-through-needle technique) but intrathecal medication administration was withheld. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hyperbaric bupivacaine and fentanyl | Drug | Patients received 3ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% combined with 25 microg of fentanyl. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment of the onset of anesthesia | Assessment of the onset by test sensory loss at T10 by pin prick using sterile needle with blunt edge (defined as time from end of injection of bolus dose to 1st sign of sensory block at T10). Sensory level of the techniques which was assessed at 2 min after end of injection of the drug then every 5 min till the 30 min then every 15 min till end of the surgery. | Every 15 minutes till end of the surgery |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Time of onset of motor block | Time of onset of motor block was assessed from end of drug injection to time of achieving Breen Modified Bromage scale (BMBS) grade 1) in the lower extremities was assessed by using a BMBS: Grade 1 as complete motor block to Grade 6 as no motor block) and it was assessed at 2 min then every 3 min after injection of the drug till 30 min then every 15 min till the end of the surgery. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanta University | Tanta | El-Gharbia | 31527 | Egypt |
The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author after the end of study for one year.
After the end of study for one year.
The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005283 | Fentanyl |
| D000775 | Anesthesia, Spinal |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010880 | Piperidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D000765 | Anesthesia, Conduction |
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| plain bupivacaine and fentanyl | Drug | Patients received 15 mL mixture of (0.25% plain bupivacaine and 50 µg fentanyl) over 5 minutes, injected in the epidural space by epidural catheter at L3-L4 interspace, a dural puncture was created by the spinal needle. Braun's Espocan® combined spinal epidural kit before insertion of epidural catheter (needle-through-needle technique) but intrathecal medication administration was withheld. |
|
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| Till the end of the surgery |
| Incidence of side effects | Incidence of side effects such as (hypotension and bradycardia) were recorded. | 24 hours postoperatively |
| Number of patients required rescue analgesia | Number of patients required rescue analgesia was measured. | 24 hours postoperatively |
| D000758 | Anesthesia |
| D000760 | Anesthesia and Analgesia |