The objective of this observational study is to elucidate the factors influencing adverse postoperative outcomes in hospitalized surgical patients. The primary questions addressed are:

What factors contribute to the occurrence of adverse outcomes following surgery? How can the risks be mitigated to achieve improved postoperative outcomes?

Inclusion Criteria:

• The study population consisted of all patients who had undergone surgery, with no instances of severe data missingness.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Missing data were identified where the rate of missingness was greater than 20%

Adult patients of all inpatient surgeries conducted at a major comprehensive hospital.