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This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effectiveness of Autogenic Inhibition and Reciprocal Inhibition in treating shin splints among amateur footballers aged 18-30 from SA Gardens Football Club, Lahore. Participants will be recruited through non-probability convenient sampling and randomly assigned into two groups using random number sampling. A single-blind approach will be employed, with one group receiving Autogenic Inhibition treatment and the other receiving Reciprocal Inhibition treatment over a period of four weeks, with three sessions per week. The study will measure outcomes including pain alleviation, improvement in range of motion (ROM), enhanced function, and improved sports performance. This research seeks to provide insights into the benefits of muscle energy techniques for athletes with shin splints, contributing valuable knowledge to sports medicine and rehabilitation practices.
Recent literature provides substantial evidence supporting the efficacy of muscle energy techniques (METs), including Autogenic Inhibition, for various musculoskeletal conditions across different populations. Robert F. et al. (2023) conducted a quasi-experimental study using a pre- and post-test design to compare Kalternborn grade III mobilization and METs in 30 patients, finding significant improvements in pain and neck function. Siddiqui M. et al. (2022) demonstrated in a randomized control trial that Autogenic Inhibition was more effective than Reciprocal Inhibition in improving pain, range of motion, and functional disability in patients with mechanical neck pain. Similarly, Osama M. et al. (2022) found Autogenic Inhibition to be the most effective among static stretching, AI-MET, and RI-MET for enhancing isometric muscle strength in neck pain patients. Majeed A. et al. (2021) showed that Autogenic Inhibition had better outcomes than static stretching for hamstring flexibility. Khaled H. Yousef et al. revealed that adding METs to conventional therapy significantly improved pain, impairment, and hip range of motion in patients with chronic discogenic sciatica. A systemic review by Thomas E. et al. (2019) confirmed METs' effectiveness in reducing chronic and acute pain and improving range of motion. Despite these positive findings, there is limited research on METs for sports-related conditions like shin splints. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the specific benefits and drawbacks of a structured MET program for shin splints in a sports environment, providing valuable insights for athletes in managing and preventing overuse and bone stress injuries efficiently.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Autogenic Inhibition | Experimental | Group 1 will receive Autogenic inhibition with conventional treatment. Autogenic inhibition will be applied to the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment, including Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus (Perform Dorsi-Flexion), Lateral Tibial Muscles (Peronei), and posterior tibial muscles including, gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris (Perform Plantarflexion). |
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| Reciprocal Relaxation | Experimental | Group 2 will receive reciprocal inhibition with conventional treatment. Reciprocal inhibition will be applied to the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment, including Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus (Perform Dorsi-Flexion), Lateral Tibial Muscles (Peronei), and posterior tibial muscles including, gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris (Perform Plantarflexion). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heating Therapy | Other | Heating Therapy will be performed on subjects along with PNF Exercises. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) | NPRS is a reliable tool when measuring pain. | 1st day and 12th week. |
| Ranges of Motion: Goniometery | The testing position will supine laying with foot in a resting position and towel rolled under ankle, the goniometer center will be on either of the malleolus. The proximal arm will be placed parallel to the ground or tibia/fibula. The distal arm will be moved with the movement of foot into dorsiflexion or plantarflexion. | 1st day and 12th week. |
| Function: Lower Extremity Functioning Scale (LEFS) | LFS is reliable tool to measure lower extremity functional status. It will take 2-5 minutes with each subject to take th readings. | 1st day and 12th week. |
| Performance: 60m yard test | 1.60m yard test Athlete to sprint as fast as possible over 60 metres after warming up for 10 minutes. The assistant marks out a 60-metre straight section on the track with cones. The assistant gives the command "GO" and starts the stopwatch. The athlete sprints as fast as possible over the 60 metres. The assistant stops the stopwatch as the athlete's torso crosses the finishing line and records the time. | 1st day and 12th week. |
| Performance: Yoyo Test | Yoyo test: Subject performs an appropriate warm-up. Use cones to mark out two lines 20 meters apart as per the diagram. The participants start with their foot behind one of the lines, and begin running when instructed. They continue running between the two lines, turning when signaled by the recorded beeps. After each minute or so, the pace gets quicker. If the line is not reached in time the subject must run to the line, turn and try to catch up with the pace within 2 more 'beeps. The test is stopped if the subject fails to catch up with the pace within the two ends. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zohaib Imran, MS SPT | Contact | 03099977372 | zohaibimran83@gmail.com | |
| Muzna Munir, MS SPT | Contact | +923344265125 | muznafmh@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zohaib Imran | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pakistan Sports Board | Recruiting | Lahore | Punjab Province | 05450 | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23945179 | Background | Eime RM, Young JA, Harvey JT, Charity MJ, Payne WR. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013 Aug 15;10:98. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-98. | |
| 19514635 | Background |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D058923 | Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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After recruitment and signing the informed consent, baseline readings of all study variables will be taken and all subjects will be assigned into 2 groups, GROUP A (received autogenic inhibition with conventional treatment) and GROUP B (received reciprocal inhibition with conventional physiotherapy treatment) randomly divided by computer-generated software.
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Subjects of both groups (Group A and B) will be kept unaware of the treatment type given to other group. All the information will be kept in lock and key, and will be accessible to author only.
| Manual Soft tissue Release | Other | Manual Soft tissue Release will be performed on subjects along with PNF Exercises. |
|
| 1st day and 12th week. |
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| D007869 | Leg Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |