CPVI Alone Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During SR Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During AF for the Treatment of CAF

Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation Alone Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During SR Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During AF for the Treatment of CAF

The primary objective of this investigation is to compare the efficacy of Three different AF ablation strategies in patients with Persistent atrial fibrillation: CPVI plus Low-Voltage Areas ablation during sinus rhythm Versus. CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During AF and CPVI alone.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients age is 18-80 years;
2. Patients with non-paroxysmal AF; non-paroxysmal AF will be defined as a sustained episode lasting > 7 days;
3. Patients can sign the written informed consent for the study;
4. Patients can endure the required follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who had previously undergone atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, or atypical atrial flutter ablation
2. Preoperative combined atrial tachycardia (≥30S) and atypical atrial flutter
3. Left atrial diameter >55mm
4. Left ventricular ejection fraction <35%
5. Left atrial thrombus
6. Postoperative cardiac surgery
7. After valve replacement
8. After permanent pacemaker implantation
9. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
10. Patients with moderate-to-severe aortic valve disease, moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis, and severe other valvular disease
11. Hemorrhagic stroke within 6 months
12. Transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke within 1 month
13. Mental disorder or history of mental illness and inability to cooperate voluntarily
14. Breastfeeding, pregnancy and women planning or likely to become pregnant
15. Life expectancy <12 months
16. Participating in other interventional clinical trials
17. The researchers judged that it was not suitable for inclusion in this study