Few treatments target core features of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in Veterans. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback can provide information regarding brain activation associated with suicide-specific rumination, defined as a "repetitive mental fixation on one's suicidal thoughts and intentions." The goal of this feasibility study is for Veterans to learn strategies for modulating activity within brain regions that have been demonstrated to contribute to the maintenance of rumination, as they receive neurofeedback feedback signals from the brain.

Suicide is much higher in Veterans compared to non-Veterans and thus remains a major health crisis in the VA, but there are few treatments available that directly target core features of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Rumination is the strong tendency to engage in self-critical repetitive thinking that is often difficult to interrupt and is associated with suicide attempts and the transition from suicidal ideation to intent above and beyond other suicide risk factors. Meta-analyses indicate that abnormalities in brain regions comprising the "default mode network," which play a role in daydreaming or mind-wandering, contribute to the maintenance of rumination. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have provided key insights into the neurobiology of suicide, there has been little direct impact on clinical care thus far. With the advent of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback, however, there is now the potential to implement personalized strategies for altering brain activity associated with rumination to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In the proposed study the investigators will determine the acceptability and feasibility of using rt-fMRI neurofeedback to reduce suicide-specific rumination, defined as "repetitive mental fixation on one's suicidal thoughts and intentions" in a transdiagnostic sample of 15 Veterans at elevated risk of suicide. The investigators will also assess pre- to post-treatment changes in measures of suicide-specific rumination, disability, functional impairment, and quality of life in Veterans with a suicide attempt history following 2 rt-fMRI neurofeedback sessions. Veterans will be provided signals from the brain to identify mental strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal) for altering brain connectivity. During a subsequent "transfer" period Veterans will be asked to utilize the mental strategy that worked best for altering this connectivity, but without receiving any neurofeedback signals from the brain. Post-treatment clinical assessments will occur following each of the 2 rt-fMRI neurofeedback sessions and at 1 month following the second fMRI neurofeedback session. The novelty of the proposed work is underscored by the paucity of work using rt-fMRI neurofeedback in a Veteran population and the lack of studies to date targeting a brain network to reduce suicide-specific rumination. In this study the investigators will test the following specific aims: (1) to determine the acceptability and feasibility of implementing rt-fMRI neurofeedback in a Veteran population experiencing suicide-specific rumination; (2) to identify changes in suicide-specific rumination following rt-fMRI neurofeedback and (3) to identify changes in functional impairment and quality of life following rt-fMRI neurofeedback. The proposed study is consistent with the mission of RR&D to maximize Veterans' functional independence, quality of life and participation in their lives and community.

Inclusion Criteria:

• U.S. military veteran between 18-65 years old
• negative pregnancy test on MRI scan days
• score greater than or equal to 10 on the Suicide Rumination Scale
• clinically stabilized on psychotropic medications
• engaged in mental health care treatment
• able to provide written, informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• no major medical or neurological disorders that could interfere with treatment
• moderate or severe traumatic brain injury
• current imminent suicide risk, as determined through psychiatric interview, responses to C-SSRS, and clinical judgment of the assessor
• any current psychotic disorder
• MRI contraindications
• any substance use disorder for substances other than cannabis or alcohol (mild alcohol or cannabis use disorder does not exclude participants but moderate or severe alcohol or cannabis substance use disorder is disqualifying)
• pregnant or trying to become pregnant

The investigators will obtain IRB approval prior to sharing de-identified data.

Data will be shared with scientific collaborators after the data have been analyzed and submitted for publication.

De-identified data will be shared when the study is completed and following IRB approval.