Comparative Effects of Big Toe Flexor and Calf Strengthening Exercises on Medial Arch in Athletes With Flat Foot

Comparative Effects of Big Toe Flexor and Calf Strengthening Exercises on Medial Arch in Athletes With Flat Foot

Flexible flatfoot is common in young adults. One of its causes is the failure of dynamic stabilizers, which play an important role in the medial longitudinal arch support, and their appropriate function is necessary for the integrity of the lower extremity and the spine. The metatarsal phalangeal joint (MPJ) and its crossing toe flexor muscles (TFM) represent the link between the large energy generating leg extensor muscles and the ground. Asymptomatic flat foot deformity is associated with gastrocnemius muscle tightness and a higher prevalence of gastrocnemius and soleus tightness was found in female subjects compared with males.

The study will be a randomized clinical trial. The study will be conducted in Pakistan Sports Board (PSB) Lahore. The sample size will be calculated by convenience sampling technique. The inclusion criteria will be participants of age between eighteen and thirty years old. Both male and female participants will be included. Athletes involved in sports more than one year and with asymptomatic flexible flatfeet (NDT > 10mm) will be included. Navicular drop test, Foot function index questionnaire, arch height index, toe/hip dynamometer and vertical jump test will be the tools used for assessment and evaluation. Participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be divided into two groups. Baseline measures and eight-week assessment of navicular drop test and arch height index will be taken. Strength of toe flexors will be evaluated with toe dynamometer. Participants who will meet the inclusion criteria will be provided with ethical consent forms and after baseline assessments, exercise program will be guided. Group A will perform big toe flexor strengthening exercises in addition to the sports plan they already follow. Group B will be assigned with calf strengthening exercises in addition to the plan they are following. Eight-week intervention program will be provided that will include warm up, therapeutic exercises including toe raises, towel curls and therapeutic band exercises, and then cool down period that includes stretching exercises.

The main objective of the study is to apply big toe flexor and calf muscles strengthening exercises and to compare the results to identify their influence on medial longitudinal arch in flexible flat foot athletes.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 18 and 30 years' old
• Both male and female
• Athletes involved in sports with more than one year
• Athletes with asymptomatic flexible flatfoot (NDT > 10mm) (5)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Congenital flatfoot
• Athletes using foot orthoses
• Any lower limb muscle injury or trauma in the past 6 months
• Had undergone lower limb surgery
• Had lower extremity deformities: pes cavus, pes equinus, hallux valgus with greater angle than 15°, or clubfoot.(5)
• Had a sign of neurological deficit over the lower extremities.
• Female subjects if they were pregnant.