Pain was unilateral or bilateral between the superior nuchal line and 1st thoracic vertebra; Neck pain persisting for 3 months and above; Average pain intensity of last pain episode was between 2 and 8 based on the numerical rating scale (NRS).

Do not have any complaints of current pain and impairments of neuromusculoskeletal systems within the last 6 months.

Participants will follow the instructions that appeared in the VR HMD to perform active maximal neck flexion, extension, side bending and rotation. The maximal ROM in each direction will be calculated and obtained based on the IMU sensors embedded in the HMD.

There will be a virtual target displayed in the VR HMD. Participant will be instructed to remember this position, then close their eyes and move the head away from the target center, and then return to the initial starting position.

Difference between the starting position and final position in distance (mm) will be calculated.

The participant will be instructed to control the red dot moving along the path of the figure-of-eight as accurately as possible by moving their head.

A tilted white rod will be presented at different angles for 1-degree interval from 45 to 135 degrees randomly on the display as described above. The rod will be precisely controlled by using left and right arrow keys of a keyboard. Participants will be instructed to reposition the white rod so that the white rod will be positioned vertically while keeping the head and neck as still as possible.

A tilted white rod will be presented at different angles for 1-degree interval from 45 to 135 degrees randomly on the display as described above. Participants will be instructed to tilt their heads laterally so that the line will be re-positioned vertically.