This study is for adult patients with advanced melanoma who are receiving immunotherapy and who are planning on having surgery for their cancer. All participants in this study will receive an experimental treatment made up of focused ultrasound ablation (FUSA), a non-invasive experimental treatment that uses ultrasound waves to heat and destroy tumor tissue, and an injection in the tumor with an experimental drug that activates the immune system called polyICLC (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid that is stabilized with carboxymethylcellulose and polylysine). Neither the drug nor the device that are used in this study have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

This study is for patients with advanced melanoma who are receiving immunotherapy and who are planning to have surgery for their melanoma cancer.

The purpose of this study is to try to figure out the safety of an experimental treatment for melanoma. The experimental treatment is made up of focused ultrasound ablation (FUSA) and an injection in the tumor (intratumoral injection) with an experimental drug called polyICLC (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid that is stabilized with carboxymethylcellulose and polylysine), also known as Hiltinol, that activates the immune system. The researchers also want to use the results from this clinical trial to help understand how the FUSA and polyICLC affect the tumor cells at the place where the FUSA is given and how much of the surrounding tumor is affected. The experimental treatment in this study is given at the University of Virginia Medical Center about three weeks before the melanoma tumor surgery that would occur as part of the participant's regular care.

FUSA is a non-invasive experimental treatment that uses ultrasound waves to heat and destroy tumor tissue. FUSA is administered using an investigational device. There are two models of the investigational device (Echopulse® or the Echopulse HD®) that will be used in the study to deliver the FUSA. Both devices provide the same type of investigational treatment. Participants are sedated during the FUSA procedure. Up to two tumors will be treated with FUSA.

The polyICLC drug will be given as a one-time injection into one tumor only after the FUSA treatment.

Neither the drug nor the device that are used in this study have been proven to be safe or helpful, and they are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

This study also includes tumor elastography procedures. Tumor elastography is an ultrasound picture that is taken to measure the stiffness or the flexibility of the tumor. Participants in the study may be asked to have a biopsy of their tumor before starting the study intervention and will be asked participate in optional biopsies of the tumor after enrollment in the study. This study includes collection of blood for research purposes (optional).

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥18 years.

2. Diagnosis of advanced melanoma planned for surgical resection.

3. Focused Ultrasound Ablation (FUSA): The targeted lesion(s) must be visible by ultrasound imaging and meet the following criteria.

   Note: Brain lesions may not be targeted for treatment.

   1. Approximately 1 cm (or more) diameter of treatable tumor volume for lesions to be treated with FUSA.

   2. The target treatment area needs to be contained within a region at least 5 mm from the skin surface and less than or equal to 23 mm from the skin surface.

      The target treatment area must be at a safe distance from all critical structures, including but not limited to ribs or other bony structures, vital organs, named blood vessels or nerves.

   3. The critical structures, with the exception of the skin, will not be in the pre-focal ultrasound path. This will be considered at enrollment and confirmed immediately prior to treatment.

   4. The anterior-posterior dimension of the treatment area by US should be no less than 9 mm.

4. A subjects target lesion must be amenable to intratumoral injection with polyICLC per the treating clinician's discretion.

5. Subjects must be receiving checkpoint blockade (either monotherapy or combination therapy) at the time of registration.

6. Biopsies:

   Note: Biopsies may be completed with or without image guidance.

   Lesions that have been selected for focused ultrasound may have been previously radiated provided:

   • The tumor site that was previously radiated has progressed.
   • A baseline biopsy of the tumor site is obtained following progression and prior to study entry.

7. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2.

8. Subjects with known brain metastases may participate if all of the following are true:

   • There has been no evident growth of any brain metastasis since the most recent treatment
   • No brain metastasis is > 2 cm in diameter at the time of registration.
   • Neurologic symptoms have returned to baseline,
   • There is no evidence of new or enlarging brain metastases,
   • Subjects are not using steroids for at least 7 days prior to registration, except as allowed in Section 5.2. Regardless of dose, however, subjects who are on a steroid taper for management of brain metastases are not eligible until 7 days after completion of that steroid taper.

9. Ability and willingness to give informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any of the following medications or treatments are administered to the subject within 4 weeks of study day 1:

   1. Radiation therapy (Note: Stereotactic radiotherapy, such as gamma knife, can be used ≥ 1 week prior to registration)

   2. Allergy desensitization injections

   3. High doses of systemic corticosteroids, with the following qualifications and exceptions:

      • Daily doses of 10 mg or less prednisone (or equivalent) per day administered parenterally or orally are allowed in patients with normal adrenal and pituitary function.
      • In patients with adrenal or pituitary insufficiency replacement steroid doses are allowed.
      • Inhaled steroids (e.g.: Advair®, Flovent®, Azmacort®) are permitted at low doses (less than 500 mcg fluticasone per day, or equivalent) 41,42
      • Topical and nasal corticosteroids are acceptable.

   4. Growth factors (e.g. Procrit®, Aranesp®, Neulasta®)

   5. Interleukins (e.g. Proleukin®)

   6. Any investigational therapeutic agent.

   7. Targeted therapies specific for mutated BRAF or for MEK

   8. Live vaccine

   9. Interferon (e.g. Intron-A®)

   10. Cytotoxic chemotherapy for cancer

2. Subject has a known addiction to alcohol or drugs and is actively taking those agents, or has recently (within 1 year) taken these agents or has ongoing illicit IV drug use.

3. Subject is known to be HIV positive or has evidence of active Hepatitis B or C virus, unless:

   • The subject has HIV but has been taking antiretroviral therapy, and agrees to take antiretroviral therapy throughout the study
   • The subject has active Hepatitis B or C but does not have a detectable viral load

4. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Female participants of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test (urinary or serum beta-HCG) obtained within 2 weeks prior to registration. Males and females must agree, in the consent form, to use effective birth control methods during the course of treatment and following treatment in accordance with the labeling guidelines for each approved therapy.

5. Medical contraindications or potential problems that prevent compliance with the requirements of the protocol in the opinion of the investigator.

6. Active infection requiring systemic therapy.

7. The presence of Class III or IV heart disease as classified according to the New York Heart Association.

8. Previous treatment with polyICLC within 4 weeks. If a subject was previously treated with intratumoral polyICLC and experienced a significant (grade ≥3) toxicity related to the polyICLC treatment, the tumor that was treated should not be re-treated as part of this protocol.