Patients who are receiving intra-aortic balloon pump support during the preoperative period

Intra-aortic Balloon Pump: in patients with acute myocardial infarction involving elevated troponin levels and recurrent or persistent chest pain at rest, hemodynamic instability, multivessel disease, left main coronary artery disease, and narrow and/or tortuous coronary artery anatomy in which PCI has failed or is not feasible.

Patients who did not receive intra-aortic balloon pump support in the preoperative period; control group

Total of all reporting groups

Group A had an age range of 39 to 82 years, while Group B had an age range of 35 to 84 years.

The study included patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, regardless of gender.

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin(hs-cTI) is used to diagnose for heart attacks. hs-cTI levels were quantified using a standardized electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The limit of detection and the 99th percentile upper reference limit were determined based on the guidelines. Reference values were accepted as 0-0.04 ng/mL for both genders. The hs-cTI levels reported correspond to the values measured on the day of patient admission to our clinic. In Group A, the levels ranged from 5.4 to 83.6 ng/mL and in Group B,ranged from 1.1 to 92.5 ng/mL.

EuroSCORE II is a validated risk model with 18 parameters estimating mortality in cardiac surgery (www.euroscore.org). It represents the percentage likelihood of mortality, predicting how many similar patients may die. The scale ranges from 0% to %100. Higher values indicate worse prognosis and higher mortality risk. In this study, EuroSCORE II ranged from 0.5% to 7.4% in Group A and 0.6% to 6.8% in Group B

he Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale assesses pain intensity using facial features on a 0-10 scale (0 = No hurt, 10 = Hurts worst). Individuals select the image that best represents their pain level (www.wongbakerfaces.org). In this study, pain scores ranged from 4 to 10 in Group A and from 0 to 8 in Group B.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant produced by the liver in response to inflammation. CRP levels elevate during myocardial infarction (MI) primarily due to the inflammatory response triggered by myocardial injury. The normal range for CRP levels is generally considered to be less than 5 mg/L. The CRP levels in participants ranged from 3.2 to 115 mg/L for Group A and from 1.8 to 96 mg/L for Group B.

HbA1c, also known as glycated hemoglobin, is an important biomarker for assessing glucose control, with elevated levels associated with an increased risk of diabetes-related complications; these levels are expressed as a percentage.(normal range 4.0% to 5.6%) It was measured at 4.0-13.4% in Group A patients and 4.3-12.5% in Group B patients.

Ejection fraction (EF) is a measurement that indicates the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the heart's left ventricle during each contraction, relative to the total volume of blood in the ventricle. It serves as a critical indicator of cardiac function, and is commonly used in the assessment of heart conditions, such as heart failure, with normal values typically ranging from 55% to 65%. The ejection fraction (EF) range in both groups of participants was 30% to 60%.

Patients who are receiving intra-aortic balloon pump support during the preoperative period

Intra-aortic Balloon Pump: in patients with acute myocardial infarction involving elevated troponin levels and recurrent or persistent chest pain at rest, hemodynamic instability, multivessel disease, left main coronary artery disease, and narrow and/or tortuous coronary artery anatomy in which PCI has failed or is not feasible.

Patients who did not receive intra-aortic balloon pump support in the preoperative period; control group

cerebrovascular accident; stroke

Re-operation due to drainage due to postoperative mediastinal bleeding