Effects of Smoking on Placenta and Lactation

The Impacts of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Breastfeeding and the Correlation of IGF, Leptin, HPL Expression in Placenta Tissue

Maternal smoking during pregnancy although it is known to be associated with fetal growth restriction, it's effect on postpartum breastfeeding is not yet clear. The aim of the present study was to examine the impacts of smoking in pregnancy on breastfeeding as well as its impacts on placental immunoreactivity.

The study was conducted on 70 women who gave birth via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Groups were classified as Smokers (n=35) and Non-smokers (n=35). The breastfeeding conditions of both groups were evaluated prior to discharge and after postpartum 10th day.

Cross-sections were taken from the placenta tissues after which their IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1), Leptin, HPL (human placental lactogen) immunoreactivities were examined.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women who have started smoking at least 100 cigarettes in her lifetime and who now smokes every day,
• Pregnant women who have never smoked throughout their life, including pregnancy(16),
• Pregnant women who gave birth at term,
• Multiple pregnancy, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, those who do not have a systemic disease and due to systemic disease during pregnancy those who do not use
• Pregnant women who had spontaneous vaginal delivery,
• In order not to encounter communication barriers and because cultural differences may vary, the pregnant woman is not a foreign national,
• Pregnant women who do not have any barriers to communication by phone,
• Those who do not have any health problems that prevent breastfeeding

Exclusion Criteria:

• multiple pregnancy
• insulin dependent diabetes
• pregnant women who have had a cesarean section
• preeclampsia
• thyroid disease