Through a combination of exercise trainer-led in-person and virtual sessions, as well as counselling for independent aerobic exercise, participants will be guided to achieve 150 weekly minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity and twice weekly whole-body muscle strengthening.

Twice weekly virtual instructor-led whole-body stretching.

Calculated using a widely-used standardized scoring system

Calculated as the VO2 from the corresponding workload from the day 1 treadmill test divided by cardiac output at rest, submaximal, and maximal periods of the treadmill test

Measured as the average of the last 5 of 6 blood pressure measurements using an automatic blood pressure device.

Measured as thigh muscle fat fraction (percent of muscle compartment composed of fat pixels) determined from contiguous axial fat-water separation 3T magnetic resonance images of both thighs.

Measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex) to assess peak torque and total work in 30 repetitions of knee flexion.

Measured determined from contiguous axial fat-water separation 3T magnetic resonance images of both thighs

Measured via western blotting from a skeletal muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle. Proteins of interest include those found in mitochondria, contractile signaling pathways, insulin signaling pathways, and in glucose and fat metabolism.

Measured via immunofluorescence from a skeletal muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle. Outcomes of interest will focus on indicators of histology of the skeletal muscle in withc a stain would include skeletal muscle capillarization, lipid content, and fiber type and cross-sectional area.

Measured via spectrophotometer to assess the maximal enzyme activity of enzymes involved in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, from a biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle.

Measured using a body composition device (BodPod) to estimate whole body fat (in kg and %) and fat free mass (in kg and %).

Volumes of adipose tissue in the visceral region measured using 3T fat-water separation magnetic resonance imaging

Measured as percent of liver volume composed of fat pixels determined from 3 slices through the middle of the liver using the PROFIT1 3T magnetic resonance images sequence.

Circumferences of the waist, hip and neck, measured using an inelastic tape

Analyzed from blood serum using a clinical assay at a core lab.

Analyzed from blood plasma using a clinical assay at a core lab.

Various components of dietary intake including macronutrients and micronutrients will be assessed through 3-day food records over 2 weekdays and 1 weekend collected using ASA-24 online system.

Assessment of ALT, AST, and albumin via a fasting blood serum draw, analyzed on a clinical assay at a core lab.

Liver T1 time evaluated using the PROFIT1 magnetic resonance sequence, validated marker of liver fibrosis.

Average adherence to prescribed aerobic physical activity weekly minutes measured via Garmin smartwatch

Average adherence to prescribed resistance exercise activity weekly sessions via an attendance log

An overall measure of alignment with the dietary guidelines measured via the Healthy Eating Food Index-2019 calculated from 3-day diet records

Assessed by RAND-36, where an independent score is provided for 8 scales ranging from 0 to 100 and 2 component summary scales ranging from 0-50 with a higher score indicating better quality of life.

Assessed by EORTC QLQ-C30 is a 30-item questionnaire to assess the overall quality of life of cancer patients. Participant responses to the questions "How would you rate your overall health during the past week?" and "How would you rate your overall quality of life during the past week?" are scored on a 7-point scale (1= Very poor to 7=Excellent). Using linear transformation, raw scores are standardized, so that scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates a better overall health status.

Assessed by the perceived stress scale (PSS-14) where individual scores can range from 0 to 56 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress

Measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); score ranges from 0-21 for each of depression and anxiety with a higher score indicating more severe depression or anxiety

Assessed by the barriers to self-efficacy scale (BARSE). For each item, participants indicate their confidence to execute the behavior on a 100-point percentage scale comprised of 10-point increments, ranging from 0% (not at all confident) to 100% (highly confident). Total strength for each measure of self-efficacy is then calculated by summing the confidence ratings and dividing by the total number of items in the scale, resulting in a maximum possible efficacy score of 100.

Assessed via the multi-process action control approach, which is a series of questionnaires developed to understand affective attitudes, instrumental attitudes, perceived capability over physical activity, perceived opportunity for physical activity, decisional intentions, behavioural regulation, physical activity habits, and identity around physical activity. Higher scores represent better physical activity motivations. (Reference: Rhodes, R.E. (2017). The evolving understanding of physical activity behavior: A multi-process action control approach. In A. J. Elliot (Ed), Advances in Motivation Science. (pp. 171-205).)

Subjectively assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PQSI), which measures components of sleep: sleep duration, disturbance, sleep latency, daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness, sleep efficiency, overall sleep quality, and sleep medication use, with higher scores reflecting poorer sleep quality.

Measured via Garmin smartwatch for the total sleep duration and efficiency.

Assessed by the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ) that collects information about types and amounts of activity (sedentary and physical activities) over the last 3 months in the following domains: leisure time, occupation, commuting, domestic life, with greater scores indicating longer time engaging in forms of activity.

Assessed using a fasting blood plasma sample in a clinical assay at a core lab.

Assessed using fasting blood serum in a clinical assay.

Assessed using a calibrated scale attached to the BodPod body composition device.

Calculated from a measurement of height using a stadiometer and body weight (detailed above).

Energy balance will be quantified as: 3-day avg calorie intake - [estimated resting metabolic rate + 3-day avg Garmin estimate of physical activity energy expenditure + 10% of calorie intake (thermic effect of food)].

Assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), a 20-item self-assessment questionnaire that uses a 1 to 5 scale to indicate how statements regarding fatigue are representative of a respondent's experience. A higher score is indicative of higher levels of fatigue.

The online CANRISK tool (www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/en/canrisk) assigns scores to risk factors for type 2 diabetes (that overlap with cardiovascular disease/cancer), including age, body mass index, MVPA, fruit/vegetable intake, hypertension, pregnancy complications, ethnicity and education, and is validated for Canada's multiethnic population.