Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and erythematous skin disease are often treated with topical treatment containing corticosteroids. However, long term use of topical corticosteroid is well known for its potential side-effects such as skin atrophy, hirsutism, dyspigmentation, telangiectasia, and possible skin infection and iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency. Fear about medication side effects would cause lack of adherence to treatment regiments and thus patients would seek for alternative therapies, and a long term safer and affordable treatment modality is required to fill this therapeutic gap.

Enhanced external counter-pulsation (EECP) therapy is a non-invasive method to improve perfusion of vital organs and reduces hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial damage. It also helped to increase cerebral blood circulation in patients with ischemic stroke and improved neurological recovery.

This study aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of patients with atopic dermatitis and erythematous/ inflammatory skin diseases to receive EECP therapy combined treatment compared to wet wrap therapy alone.

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and erythematous skin disease are often treated with topical treatment containing corticosteroids1 -4. However, long term use of topical corticosteroid is well known for its potential side-effects such as skin atrophy, hirsutism, dyspigmentation, telangiectasia, and possible skin infection and iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency3, 4. Other topical and systemic treatment has been suggested to control atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disorders such as calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy and immunosuppressants4. Patients may need to use in repeated courses according to the skin condition, and may experience flare if treatment is discontinued and they have to continue with potential side-effects such as organ impairment and immunocompromised state secondary to systemic immunosuppressants. In our practice, wet wrap therapy (WWT) is one of the treatment options for patients with moderate-to-severe AD and some other erythematous/ inflammatory skin disease and WWT has a relatively fast onset in disease -control especially during a flare. New biologics or small molecule inhibitors such as anti-Interleukin 4 or 13 and Januse kinase (JAK) inhibitor are new treatment modality but the cost is high and may not be affordable to all patients1, 5. The fear of potential side effects of local/ systemic treatment may result in poor compliance, and prompting patients to explore alternative therapies. Therefore, a long-term safe and affordable treatment modality is required to fill this therapeutic gap5.

Enhanced external counter-pulsation (EECP) therapy is a non-invasive method to improve perfusion of vital organs and has been proved to reduce hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial damage6. It operates by applying ECG-triggered pressure to the lower extremities during diastole by means of air-filled cuffs, thus, augmenting diastolic blood flow and reducing systolic afterload. These, in turns, increases blood flow to the heart, brain and kidneys. It has been proved to be effective in increasing the sheer stress of blood vessel and decreasing risk of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis by increasing the nitrite oxidase level in blood circulation, which has antiatherogenic, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects6. In human subjects, EECP has also been proved to be effective in improving blood glucose level in patients with diabetes mellitus7, 8. It also helped to increase cerebral blood circulation in patients with ischemic stroke and improved neurological recovery9.

However, there is no pervious study of EECP in patients with atopic dermatitis and erythematous /inflammatory skin diseases. There are various studies showing that vascular inflammation in moderate -to -severe AD patients is associated with enhanced Th2 response10-12. In addition, morphology of blood vessels was abnormal in patients with AD11 and AD patients has higher risks of cardiovascular comorbidities due to the chronic skin inflammation12-13. Therefore, using EECP may be an effective adjunct therapy to AD patients to improve circulation and reduce the inflammation.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged between 18 to 65 years old present with atopic dermatitis or erythematous / inflammatory skin diseases attending Queen Mary Hospital dermatology clinics requiring wet-wrap therapy (WWT) will be screened for recruitment by attending dermatologist(s)
2. Patients with AD having EASI>10 or erythematous/inflammatory skin disorder BSA>5%
3. Body weight ≥ 40kg at screening and baseline visit
4. Body height ≥ 150cm at screening and baseline visit
5. Patients fulfilling both inclusion and exclusion criteria (stated below) will be recruited for this study after an informed consent has been given.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who refuse to give consent
2. Females of childbearing potential who are pregnant or during breastfeeding period
3. Patients have newly started systemic corticosteroid, immunosuppressants or biologics within 6 week of Baseline (Day 0)
4. Patients who have unstable AD or inflammatory skin disease, active infection or contagious skin symptoms within 2 weeks before day 1 pre-enrolment
5. Patients who have uncontrolled hypertension, ischemic heart disease or any uncontrolled medical illness
6. Patients who have metallic implants or previous fracture of lower limbs, history of deep vein thrombosis or lower limb varicosity (such as varicose vein), untreated malignancy
7. Patients who cannot tolerate pressure-cuffing, placing in a horizontal position without arching the back or non-compliance to treatment
8. Patients who are taking anticoagulants/ antiplatelet or having bleeding tendency
9. Patients who are having undergone recent major surgery
10. Patients who have a history of phlebitis with acute thrombotic risk
11. Patient who are suffering from an acute disease during the screening period