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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Universität Potsdam, Department Erziehungswissenschaft, Arbeitsbereich Schulbezogene Medienbildung | UNKNOWN |
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Study group: Experimental study to evaluate empathy, compassion, and nature connectedness before and after an immersive virtual reality experience in patients with depressive disorder, patients with psychotic disorder and healthy control subjects (subjects between 18 and 65 years of age).
Primary hypothesis: The increase in nature connectedness explored by virtual body ownership of a tree in VR differs depending on the health condition (schizophrenia, depression, healthy controls).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| VR study group | 20 patients with depressive disorder |
| |
| VR active control group | 20 patients with psychotic disorder. |
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| VR healthy control group | 20 patients with no psychiatric disorder |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VR application | Device | The VR application consists of a software ("Tree") developed as part of a research project at MIT and legally acquired via the HTC store Viveport. Duration of the VR application: approx. 5 min. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Nature Connectedness | Measurement of Nature Connectedness as a state with the "Inclusion of Nature in Self" (INS)-Questionnaire (Kleespies et al., 2021), pre and post VR exposure. | For all groups pre and directly post VR exposure |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Empathy | Evaluation of empathy with the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET; (Dziobek et al., 2008) pre and post VR exposure | For all groups pre and directly post VR exposure (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| Compassion |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| demographic variables | acquisition of demographic data | pre VR exposure for all groups |
| comorbidities | acquisition of psychiatric comorbidities and physical illnesses |
Inclusion Criteria:
Hedwig Hospital
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients with depressive or psychotic disorder treated in the inpatient or outpatient psychiatric clinics or day clinics of the Psychiatric University Hospital Charité at St. Hedwig-Hospital
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric University Hospital Charité at St. Hedwig Hospital | Berlin | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41874554 | Derived | Lutt A, Lutgens K, Montag C, Gutwinski S, Reuth GF, Nebel S, Bermpohl F, Spangenberger P. Effects of Virtual Nature Embodiment on Compassion, Empathy, Nature Connectedness, and Symptom Burden in Patients With Psychosis or Depression: An Explorative Clinical Study. JMIR Serious Games. 2026 Mar 24;14:e74337. doi: 10.2196/74337. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
| D012559 | Schizophrenia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
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Evaluation of Compassion (state compassion) pre and post VR exposure with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and five integrated items measuring compassion based on Pfattheicher et al., 2015.
| For all groups pre and directly post VR exposure (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| symptom burden | Measured with the PANAS (see above) and with the Visual Analogue Scale (0-10) measuring the burden of the 3 main symptoms, previously specified during assessment of symptom severity (PANSS; (Kay et al., 1987) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, Beck et al., 1961)) | For the VR study group (patients with depressive disorder) and VR active control group (patients with psychotic disorder) pre and post VR exposure (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| Embodiment - Feeling of virtual body ownership | Evaluation with a subscale of the Embodiment scale by Ahn et al. (2016) adapted from Slater et al. (2010) | post VR exposure for all groups (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| Spirituality | Evaluation of spirituality using the 4-item short version of the questionnaire "Transpersonales Vertrauen" (Hampel et al., 2019) pre VR exposure. | pre VR exposure for all groups |
| Presence in VR | Scale according to Ahn et al. (Ahn et al., 2016), adapted from the "Spatial Presence scale" by Bailenson et al. (2005) - own German translation adapted to the virtual Amazon forest area (Spangenberger et al., 2024) | post VR exposure for all groups (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| Virtual Reality Simulator Sickness | Cyber Sickness as a potential side effect of VR, measured with the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (Kim et al., 2018) | post VR exposure for all groups (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| Explorative evaluation of electrodermal activity (EDA) | Explorative evaluation of electrodermal activity (EDA), e.g., skin conductance level (SCL) and skin conductance responses (SCR) in micro siemens during VR exposure | during (approx. 5 minutes) VR exposure |
| pre VR exposure for all groups |
| symptom severity - psychotic symptoms | Assessment of symptom severity with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987) | For the VR study group (patients with depressive disorder) and VR active control group (patients with psychotic disorder) pre VR exposure (within the same session of 1 hour) |
| symptom severity - depressive symptoms | Assessment of symptom severity with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) | For the VR study group (patients with depressive disorder) and VR active control group (patients with psychotic disorder) pre VR exposure (within the same session of 1 hour) |