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Low back pain (LBP) is a significant health issue. It impacts a significant portion of the adult population, reaching up to 80%, and results in substantial healthcare and socioeconomic expenses. To find out what changes occurred after the application of two exercise modalities [Conventional Exercise (CE) and Laser-Guided Exercise (LGE)} and PNE on pain, pain pressure thresholds, disability, catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, and lumbar proprioception in subjects with NSCLBP.](streamdown:incomplete-link)
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or cold laser therapy | Experimental | uses low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes to stimulate cellular function and improve healing. Physiotherapy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation use it as a non-invasive, painless complement or adjuvant therapy |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or cold laser therapy | Diagnostic Test | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or cold laser therapy |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) | it is a simple and widely used tool for measuring pain intensity. It consists of a horizontal line with 11 numbered points, ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Patients are asked to rate their pain by selecting the number that best describes their current pain intensity | 12 Months |
| The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) | it is a patient-completed questionnaire used to measure the level of disability caused by low back pain. It is a widely used and validated tool in both research and clinical settings. Studies show high test-retest reliability of 0.90 | 12 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hameed Latif Hospital Lahore | Lahore | Pakistan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017116 | Low Back Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001416 | Back Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |