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The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether boxing training reduces cardiovascular risk in elevated blood pressure or hypertension stage 1 individuals.
The main questions it aims to answer are (1) if boxing training reduces peripheral and central blood pressure and (2) if boxing training improves cardiovascular function in elevated blood pressure or hypertension stage 1 individuals.
Participants with elevated blood pressure or hypertension stage 1 will be randomly divided into a control group or an intervention group. The latter group will be involved in boxing training, 3 days per week for 6 weeks.
Researchers will compare clinical and cardiovascular outcomes between the control and the intervention group.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boxing | Experimental | The boxing training intervention will consist of three exercise sessions per week on nonconsecutive days for six weeks |
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| Control | Placebo Comparator | The control group will perform three days per week 10 minutes a flexibility intervention. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boxing Training | Other | The boxing training intervention will consist of three exercise sessions per week on nonconsecutive days for six weeks. Participants will be instructed to complete 10 rounds of three minutes with a one-minute resting period interspersed. Four rounds will consist of heavy bag punching (e.g. straight, jab, hook) at 60% VO2max and three rounds at 90-95% VO2max, while the remaining 3 rounds will be focused on mitt work at 60% VO2max. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline brachial blood pressure after week six | Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Central Blood Pressure | Pulse wave analysis (mmHg) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Vascular function | Flow mediated dilation (%) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of Texas at El Paso | El Paso | Texas | 79968 | United States |
Only the PI will analyze the collected data.
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP_ICF | Yes | Yes | Yes | Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form | Dec 11, 2023 | Dec 12, 2023 | Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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Participants will be recruited from the University of Texas at El Paso and its surroundings. They will be identified by a preliminary blood pressure screening and a health questionnaire. The inclusion criteria will consist on: (1) ≥18 years old, (2) SBP between 120-139 mmHg or DBP between 80-89 mmHg obtained from 2 different days, (3) an estimated 10-year risk of CVD ≤10%, calculated by the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations, and (4) no current participation in 3 or more days per week of endurance or resistance exercise training. Exclusion criteria will include non-controlled cardiac, pulmonary, or metabolic diseases, smoking, consumption of nutritional supplements containing antioxidants, and any physical impairment to exercise.
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| Control flexibility | Other | The control group will perform three days per week 10 minutes of dynamic articular movement, five minutes of uni pedal stance, and five minutes of stretching of the upper limbs for six weeks. |
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| pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Plethysmography | Forearm and Calf Blood Flow (ml/min/100 ml tissue) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Maximum Oxygen Uptake | Cardiopulmonary Test (ml/kg/min) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Nitric Oxide Bioavailability | Blood Biomarker NOx (μmol/L) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Body Fat Percentage | Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry Scan to assess Body Fat % | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Lean Mass | Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry Scan to assess lean mass (kg) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Quality of Life measured by the short-form 36 (SF-36) | The short form 36 (SF-36) is a short survey that covers a total of 8 sub-dimensions related to physical and mental health: (1) Physical Functioning, (2) Role Limitations due to Physical Problems, (3) Social Functioning, (4) Bodily Pain, (5) General Mental Health, (6) Role Limitations due to Mental Problems, (7) Vitality, and (8) General Health Perceptions. The SF-36 includes a diverse mixture of continuous item scaling methods and is comprised of 10 items with balanced multi-item response formats (range from 1 to 5), 7 items with a dichotomous response format (1 or 2), and 19 items with non-balanced multi-item response formats (nine items range from 1 to 3 and ten items range from 1 to 6). To obtain the raw score for each sub-dimension, 10 items are reversed. Then, raw values for each sub-dimension are summed. Finally, the raw scores are transformed to a 0-to-100 scale for each sub-dimension. Higher scores indicate higher Quality of Life from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Arterial Stiffness | Pulse wave velocity from carotid to femoral artery (m/s) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| C Reactive Protein (CRP) to assess inflammation | Blood Biomarker CRP (mg/L) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) to assess inflammation | Blood Biomarker IL-6 (pg/ml) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNFα) to assess inflammation | Blood Biomarker TNFα (pg/ml) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| 8-isoprostane to assess inflammation | Blood Biomarker 8-isoprostane (pg/ml) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Superoxide dismutase (SOD) to assess oxidative stress | Blood Biomarker SOD (mU/ml) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) to assess oxidative stress | Blood Biomarker TAC (mM/ml) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Lipid Profile | Blood Biomarkers HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol (mg/dl) | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Weight | Weight in kilograms | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |
| Height | Height in meters | pre-intervention and immediately after the intervention |