High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) will be measured in mmol/L. The healthy cut-off points of HDL-C in male is more than 1.0 mmol/L and in female more than 1.3 mmol/L.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) will be measured in mmol/L. The healthy cut-off point of LDL-C is less than 2.6 mmol/L.

Triglycerides level will be measured in mmol/L. The healthy cut-off point of triglycerides level is less than 1.7 mmol/L.

Fasting blood glucose level will be measured in mmol/L. The healthy cut-off point of fasting blood glucose level is less than 6.1 mmol/L.

Body weight will be assessed in kilograms.

Body height will be assessed in meters.

Body mass index (BMI) is derived from body weight in kilograms (kg) and body height in meters (m). BMI is expressed as kg/m^2.

Waist circumference will be assessed in centimeters (cm). The healthy cut-off point of waist circumference for male is less than or equal to 90cm and for female less than or equal to 80cm.

Attitude and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Risk will be assessed using the Attitude and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Risk - Malay questionnaire. The overall score was calculated from all item scores by the domains. The higher the score, the higher the awareness and the readiness to change the behavior.

The physical activity level will be assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The intensity of self-reported physical activity lasting at least 10 minutes per bout was measured in metabolic equivalent (MET). The accumulated MET-minutes per week will be calculated to categorize into low, moderate (at least 600 MET-minutes per week) or high physical activity level (at least 3000 MET-minutes per week).

The Medication Understanding and Taking Self-Efficacy will be assessed using the Medication Understanding and Taking Self-Efficacy scale. The scores ranged from 8 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater levels of medication understanding.

The usual dietary intakes will be assessed using the short food frequency questionnaire. It provides details on daily intake of food groups.

Nutrient intakes will be assessed using the 2-day 24-hour diet recalls. The participants will be asked about all details of the foods and beverages consumed in the past 24 hours, including the types of food, cooking methods, estimated portion size and brands. Nutrient intakes from 24-hour dietary recalls will be analyzed with Nutritionist Pro software (Axxya Systems, USA) to yield total energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes.

The stress level will be assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Individual scores on the PSS can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress.

• 0-13 = low stress
• 14-26 = moderate stress
• 27-40 = high perceived stress

Participants will be asked if they are non-smoker, past smoker or current smoker; how long have you been smoking; and how many cigarettes did/do you smoke per day?

Participants will be asked if they are non-drinker, past drinker or current drinker; how long (years) have you been consuming alcohol?