Otitis media with effusion (OME) is thought to be associated with comorbidities such as allergic rhinitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, and more. Many of these comorbidities can be caused by type 2 inflammation (T2I). This study aims to characterize the risk of undergoing OME surgery. This retrospective, matched-cohort study involved the retrospective recruitment of patients from 2009 to 2020, using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of OME
• At least two outpatient visits or one hospitalization record
• Medical records within the database

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants younger than 4 years old
• Participants with unclear demographic information
• Participants with a history of ear surgery or congenital ear anomalies
• Participants who had undergone OME surgery before the index date

All study subjects with OME-confirmed by at least two outpatient visits or one hospitalization record within NHIRD database. We excluded cases that did not meet the following criteria: patients who had undergone OME surgery before the index date, individuals younger than 4 years old, patients with unknown demographic information, individuals in the comparison cohort with a history of T2I diseases, and patients with a history of ear surgery or congenital ear anomalies.