Among urothelial cancers, upper urinary tract urothelial cancers, including renal pelvis and ureteral cancers have a higher incidence rate in Taiwan than Western countries. In particular, the proportion of female patients is similar to that of males. This situation is significantly different from that in foreign countries. The cause is currently uncertain.In the past, the arsenic contamination of groundwater made blackfoot disease become common and malignant in areas. Now, the number of kidney dialysis patients in Taiwan is increasing; and according to statistics, there is a significantly higher incidence of urothelial cancer among kidney dialysis patients. This may be caused by the use of traditional Chinese medicine or other unknown reasons.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Case study of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cases of surgery for non-upper urinary tract urothelial cancer

Patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma