The correlations of deep brain nuclei firing and cerebral cortex activity during recovery from general anesthesia is unclear. In this study, the local field potential (LFP) from the deep brain nuclei and the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) of the frontal cortex were recorded from patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery during the recovery from general anesthesia, in order to explore the changes and relevance of deep brain nuclei firing and cortex activity during the recovery of consciousness from general anesthesia .

The recovery of consciousness during the emergence from general anesthesia is an important part of general anesthesia. Previous studies have found that the recovery of consciousness is not a passive process of drug metabolism, but involves the activation of functional neural networks in the brain. However, the temporal-spatial dynamics of different brain regions, including deep brain nuclei and the cortex, during recovery from general anesthesia have not been elucidated.

At present, thanks to the perceptible function of the new generation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) equipment, the local field potential (LFP) of deep brain nuclei can be recorded in real time during the patient's recovery from general anesthesia after DBS surgery. This study will simultaneously record the electrophysiological signals of the patient's deep brain nuclei LFP and cortical EEG signals, and analyze the differences and correlations between the deep brain nuclei LFP and the cortical EEG characteristics during recovery from general anesthesia. This provides evidence for understanding how subcortical deep brain nuclei are involved in the recovery of general anesthesia, and provides clues for solving the mystery of consciousness.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18-75 years old
• ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification I-III
• Those who meet the indications for DBS surgery
• Right-handed with normal listening and speaking abilities
• The patient signs the informed consent form and cooperates with the researchers

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with cognitive impairment [Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score less than 26 points];
• Patients with severe depression [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) score greater than or equal to 25 points];
• Patients with important organs dysfunction, such as heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys; or patients with unstable vital signs;
• Patients who are expected to enter the ICU after surgery;
• Patients who are alcoholic, alcohol dependent or drug dependent;
• Patients who have received general anesthesia one month before surgery, patients who are known to be allergic to general anesthetics;
• The DBS surgery exceeds 4 hours;
• Patients who are pregnant.

Patients who meet the surgical indications and voluntarily undergo DBS surgery at the Functional Neurosurgery Department of Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2024 until October 2026.