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Background: Measuring what people eat is a challenge in nutrition research. Traditional methods, like food diaries, rely on self-reporting of individuals, and suffer from poor accuracy and recall bias.
Aims: This project aims to identify physiological biomarkers related to food and energy intake, which may be used to develop an objective tool to estimate individuals' food intake in future. Eating behaviours are accompanied by significant physiological changes such as skin temperature, blood oxygen saturation, pulse rate etc. The investigators intend to investigate whether monitoring these physiological changes can help us estimate eating behaviour, such as meal size, eating speed, and duration of meals.
Study design: Ten healthy adults will be invited for two study visits at NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility. Each visit will last for approximately 2 hr. They will consume a high- and low-calorie meal designed by nutritional researchers in a randomised order. During eating events, the investigators will track their physiological changes via a bedside monitor and wearable sensors. Blood samples will be taken from participants to measure their glycaemic response. Associations between energy load, glycaemic response, and physiological changes will be investigated. Our findings may promote an accelerated development of a wearable tool for dietary assessment in future.
1 Participants
10 healthy male and female participants. This is a pilot study in a new area and therefore a formal power calculation is not possible.
2. Recruitment
Participants will be recruited from existing healthy volunteer databases and by advertisement in public places. Adverts may be placed in newspapers and put up in public buildings. A contact number on the advert will enable potential participants to contact the research team at Imperial College London. Participation in the study will be entirely voluntary. No undue influence will be exerted by the researchers. Participants will be free to withdraw from the study at any time.
3 Pre-Screening Questionnaire
A pre-screening questionnaire considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be completed to establish eligibility. For subjects who complete the questionnaire but do not continue to participate, their data will not be saved.
4 Informed Consent
All participants will sign informed consent before starting the study (at the beginning of the 1st main study visit).
5 Main Study Visits
Ten healthy subjects will attend two study visits at National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial College London Clinical Research Facility (post code: W12 0NN, London, UK). The participants will consume a high- and low-calorie meal designed by nutritional researchers, in a randomised order. Randomization will be performed using the sealed envelope website by an independent researcher (i.e., not linked to the study). During eating events, physiological changes such as skin temperature, blood oxygen saturation, pulse rate etc and eating movements will be measured via a bedside monitor and non-invasive, wearable sensors. Blood samples will be taken at pre-determined time-points, starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially (at -5, +15, +30, +45, +60 min ). A total of 25 ml blood will be taken per visit.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| High Calorie, Then Low Calorie | Experimental | Subjects will receive an unhealthy meal that against the healthy eating guidelines. After a washout period of at least 24hours, subjects will receive a balanced diet that meets healthy eating guidelines. |
|
| Low Calorie, Then High Calorie | Experimental | Subjects will receive a balanced diet that meets healthy eating guidelines. After a washout period of at least 24hours, subjects will receive an unhealthy meal that against the healthy eating guidelines |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Calorie Meal Intervention | Other | Subjects will receive a unhealthy meal high in calorie, sugar and fat |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes of heart rate associated with dietary events (pre- vs post- meal). | Heart rate in bpm before, during and after the dietary event | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of blood pressure associated with dietary events (pre- vs post- meal). | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mmHg before, during and after the dietary event | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of oxygen saturation associated with dietary events (pre- vs post- meal). | Oxygen saturation in % before, during and after the dietary event | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of skin temperature associated with dietary events (pre- vs post- meal). | Skin temperature in celsius before, during and after the dietary event | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of hand movements associated with dietary events (pre- vs post- meal). | Hand movements recorded in sensors before, during and after the dietary event | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes of heart rate associated with energy intake (high vs. low calorie meals) | Differences on heart rate in bmp between high and low calorie meals | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of blood pressure associated with energy intake (high vs. low calorie meals) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mingzhu Cai, PhD | Contact | +44(0)7395757128 | m.cai18@imperial.ac.uk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mingzhu Cai, PhD | Nutrition Research Section, Imperial College London | Study Chair |
| Mayue Shi, PhD | Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NIHR Imperial College London Clinical Research Facility | Recruiting | London | W12 0NN | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41053911 | Derived | Shi M, Zhou J, Cai M. Multiple physiological and behavioural parameters identification for dietary monitoring using wearable sensors: a study protocol. BMC Nutr. 2025 Oct 6;11(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s40795-025-01168-1. |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jan 16, 2024 | Apr 30, 2024 | Prot_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jan 16, 2024 | Apr 23, 2024 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| Low Calorie Meal Intervention | Other | Subjects will receive a healthy meal with balanced macronutrient, high in vegetables and dietary fibre |
|
Differences on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mmHg between high and low calorie meals |
| Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of heart oxygen saturation associated with energy intake (high vs. low calorie meals) | Differences on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mmHg between high and low calorie meals | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of skin temperature associated with energy intake (high vs. low calorie meals) | Differences on skin temperature in celsius between high and low calorie meals | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Changes of hand movements associated with energy intake (high vs. low calorie meals) | Hand movements recorded in sensors between high and low calorie meals | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |
| Vital signs associated with blood glucose, insulin and hormonal levels | Correlation (expressed in correlation coefficient R) between vital signs (i.e., heart rate in bpm, blood pressure in mmHg, oxygen saturation in %, and skin temperature in celsius )and the blood glucose (mmol/L), insulin (mmol/L)and GIP (mmol/L) response in 60min (reported in area under curve mmol/L*min） | Starting 5 minutes before the meal and lasting for 60 minutes postprandially. |