The goal of this clinical trial is to test daily provision of peanut paste-based milk-containing ready-to-use school food (PM-RUF) in children 5-17 years of age in Ghana . The main question it aims to answer is:

- Will provision of PM-RUF as a daily school meal improve attendance, improve matriculation, and/or reduce dropouts among Ghanaian schoolchildren 5-17 years of age in Mion District as compared with provision of a common local flour made of rice/millet?

School feeding programs offer an opportunity to advance individual and community health and well-being, especially in contexts of poverty and limited diet quality. When compared with no school feeding, school feeding has been shown to improve attendance, reduce dropouts, and strengthen household food security.

In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a model called Home-Grown School Feeding (HGSF) has been employed in an effort to increase the coverage of school feeding programs. This model involves local growing, procurement, and cooking of school meals, thereby aiming to boost local economies and improve sustainability. A potential drawback of this approach is the nutritive quality of the school meals, which will depend on what is typically grown and procured in the program. In areas of higher food insecurity, such a program may largely provide the foods to which children already have access, rather than nutrients their diets may be missing. Additional concerns include costs related to decentralized procurement and cooking, as well as food safety, which is more challenging to monitor in such a program.

Peanut paste-based school meals might offer benefits as an alternative. Local production is possible, as is done for ready-to-use supplementary and therapeutic foods. Local ingredient sourcing could offer similar economic and sustainability advantages. Peanut pastes are food safe with long storage capabilities. They also provide a matrix into which varied ingredients can be added while maintaining organoleptic acceptability to children. Finally, in regions where current government-run HGSF programs suffer from inadequate funds and instability, local production and distribution of RUFs (ready to use foods) might improve reliability and impact school attendance, dropouts, and matriculation.

This study is a cluster-randomized, controlled, investigator-blinded superiority trial. Schools will be randomized to receive PM-RUF or local rice meal (rice delivered, cash provided for additional ingredient purchase). PM-RUF will contain peanut, palm oil, sugar, fat-free milk powder, and 0.5-1 RDA (recommended dietary allowances) of 14 micronutrients. Attendance will be tracked with the use of fingerprint biometric scanning each day.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Provision of signed (or thumb-printed) and dated informed consent form by parent/guardian
• Enrolled at level Basic 1 or higher in a participating school
• Parent/guardian stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study, including no plan to move from the catchment area of a participating school
• 5 - 17 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known allergy to components of intervention or control study food or medications
• Condition requiring immediate hospitalization

Neither participants nor outcomes assessors (who perform biometric attendance tracking) will be blinded to allocation to PM-RUF vs. rice meal. The trial statistician responsible for final analyses will remain blinded by use of letter assignment to each school. The code linking letter/school to intervention vs. control will remain locked and inaccessible to the trial statistician.