This is an experimental study protocol to investigate the use of vision-based assessments like eye-tracking and visual processing tests to evaluate driving ability in older adults with and without dementia. The study aims to address the research gap on the specific eye movement patterns and visual behaviors of individuals with Alzheimer's disease during high-risk driving scenarios.

The study will recruit 15 participants aged 65+ with cognitive impairment and 15 without cognitive impairment. Their cognitive status will be assessed using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT). Participants will undergo visual screening tests like visual sensitivity, eye movement scanning, and the Corsi block span test. Their driving performance will be evaluated through a hazard perception test and driving experience survey.

Statistical analyses like correlations, group comparisons, regression, and mediation analyses will be conducted to examine the relationships between cognitive status, visual screening scores, and driving performance scores. The goal is to determine if visual measures can predict driving ability and mediate the link between cognitive function and driving performance in those with dementia.

In summary, it is a protocol for an observational study using vision-based techniques to assess driving capacity in older adults, especially those with Alzheimer's disease or dementia.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants with cognitive impairment aged 65 and/or older and older adults without cognitive impairment will be recruited for this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants with other neurological disease (stroke, Parkinson's, or multiple sclerosis),
• Psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety disorder, etc.) and a history of severe psychiatric disorders (schizoaffective/bipolar disorders, or schizophrenia),
• Severe vision/hearing impairments that cannot be corrected with aids,
• Unable to comprehend questionnaire material study procedures and give consent.

participants with cognitive impairment aged 65 and/or older and 20 older adults without cognitive impairment will be recruited for this study. Participants' cognitive status will be assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, <24 cut-off score) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT, <19 cut-off score). Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) (see below) is used to establish where the cognitive impairment in MCI or dementia. Exclusion criteria will be the following: