Gram Stain of the First Urine After Puncture in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Gram Stain of the First Urine After Intraoperative Renal Puncture in Predicting the Systemic Inflammatory Response After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study

In this study, investigators compared the systemic inflammatory responses after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) patients who were given an expanded empirical antibiotic regimen based on the prediction of the possibility of bacteria identified by Gram staining the first urine after renal puncture and patients whose antibiotic regimen was not performed and whose antibiotic regimen was adjusted according to patient symptoms and culture results. Investigators aimed to test its diagnostic value in predicting and preventing complications.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients with an indication for percutaneous nephrolithotomy due to kidney stone disease.

Exclusion Criteria:

• under 18 years old,
• having an active urinary tract infection before surgery and positive urine cultures,
• Patients with bilateral kidney stones,
• DJ stent or nephrostomy placement,
• Solitary kidney stones,
• Bleeding disorders,
• impaired kidney function,
• a history of antibiotic use for any reason within 2 weeks before randomization were excluded from the study.