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The aim of this study is to investigate whether differences in taste perception and preference behavior can be attributed to inflammatory processes induced by physical activity. The focus will be on sweet taste and the perception of fat. A non-invasive, observational study design will be used.
This study adresses the question of whether there is a connection between low-grade inflammation caused by physical activity and a change in taste perception and preference for the sweet taste. The taste perception, preference behavior and inflammation in athletic and healthy non-athletic subjects using an observational study design is investigated.
The hypothesis is that athletic test subjects, compared to healthy, physically inactive subjects, show increased inflammation values, in the range of a low-grade inflammation, and that this results in a lower sensitivity and increased preference for sweet taste.
The primary parameters to be investigated are a possible correlation between the level of physical activity physical activity or body composition and the recognition threshold for the sweet taste as well as the preference. In addition, a correlation between the concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva sweet recognition threshold and sweet preference will be investigated.
Secondary parameters to be analyzed are the preference for fatty substances, the perception threshold for the perception threshold for the fatty taste, taste receptors in saliva for the sweet and fatty taste, the concentration of 8-epi-PGF2α in the urine as a marker for oxidative stress, and the number of fungiform papillae on the tongue are determined.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Healthy test subjects, BMI 18.5 - 24.99 kg/m², sporting activity per week ≤ 150 minutes | ||
| Athlectic | BMI 18.5 - 29.99 kg/m², intensive physical activity per week > 6 h (spread over min. 3 days) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity | Behavioral | The control and the athletic group differ in the degree of physical acitvity |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Taste sensitivity | detection threshold for sweet and fatty taste analysed using a 3-AFC test | day 1 |
| Taste preference | preference for sweet and fatty taste analyzed by means of a Food Frequency Questionnaire and food choices from a standardized breakfast | day 1 |
| Body composition | body fat percentage | day 1 |
| Low-grade inflammation | Concentration of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in unstimulated saliva | day 1 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidative Stress | 8-epi-PGF2α analysis in urine | day 1 |
| fungiform papillae density | The number of fungiform papillae in a definded area of 1 cm² at the tip of the tongue is counted after staining of the tomgue with methylene blute |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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A total of 66 healthy adult participants, devided into two groups:
Group of athletic test subjects: BMI 18.5 - 29.99 kg/m², intensive training sessions at least 3 days a week and at least 6 h per week Group of healthy, non-athletic test subjects: BMI 18.5 - 24.99 kg/m², sporting activity ≤ 150 min per week
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Barbara Lieder, PhD | University of Vienna | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian Doppler Laboratory for Taste Research | Vienna | State of Vienna | 1090 | Austria |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41310682 | Derived | Kimmeswenger I, Gaider M, Doppelmayer K, Ley JP, Lieder B. High physical activity is associated with decreased fungiform papillae area and number, elevated sucrose recognition thresholds, and increased IL-6 levels: an observational human study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2025 Nov 28;22(1):148. doi: 10.1186/s12986-025-01050-8. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004408 | Dysgeusia |
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013651 | Taste Disorders |
| D012678 | Sensation Disorders |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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Saliva Urine
| day 1 |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D001519 | Behavior |