In the medical world more and more procedures are performed with the use of ionizing radiation (x-ray), both diagnostic and therapeutic. The main and most known risk is the development of malignancies as a result of the use of ionizing radiation.

Purpose of this study: To examine the patient radiation dose (PRD) if the frames per second (FPS) are set differently during the five most performed endourological procedures where fluoroscopy is used (insertion/replacement of ureteral stent, (mini-)percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL/PNL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL/SWL)) and to propose an acceptable PRD for these procedures in a multicentric study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• all patients who receive insertion/replacement of ureteral stent, URS (flexible or semirigid), (mini-)PCNL (including ECIRS) or ESWL under fluoroscopic with or without ultrasonic guidance
• Only cases performed or directly supervised by experts

Exclusion Criteria:

• Bilateral cases
• Diagnostic ureterorenoscopies
• Antegrade ureteroscopies
• Procedures for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC)
• Procedures on children (aged <18 years)
• Pregnant women
• Abnormal urinary anatomy (e.g. ureteral duplication, pelvic kidney, bladder derivation, horseshoe kidney)

All data will be stored in RedCAP and will only be accessible by the principal investigator