Specificity and sensitivity: Incentive spirometry is a specific type of spirometry that aims to encourage people to breathe deeply intentionally but does not provide a measurement or inform management of chronic lung diseases. Less than 5 repetitions per day (sensitivity 93%, specificity 77%) and less than 2 balls per repetition (sensitivity 93%, specificity 77%) were predictive of postoperative pulmonary complications. (1) Validity and reliability: Incentive spirometry can be used as a simple mean to follow lung function, especially VC, in the postoperative period in spontaneously breathing patients. Incentive spirometry is noninvasive and can be performed repeatedly at the bedside in the intensive care setting. (2)

Interpretation:

There are only three numeric values that are required to interpret spirometry:

• Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
• Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)
• FEV1/FVC ratio.

A pain screening NRS score of 1 was 69% sensitive for pain that interferes with functioning. (4) Specificity: The diagnostic value of different NRS cut-off values for administering analgesics is determined by an ROC curve. Sensitivity of NRS > 3 for 'unbearable' pain in older patients was 72% with a specificity of 97·2%. With a cut-off point NRS > 4, sensitivity increased to 83%, while specificity was 96·7%. (5) Validity and reliability: The numerical rating scale is a reliable and valid tool for pain assessment in patients with musculoskeletal impairments.

Specificity and sensitivity: Incentive spirometry is a specific type of spirometry that aims to encourage people to breathe deeply intentionally but does not provide a measurement or inform management of chronic lung diseases. Less than 5 repetitions per day (sensitivity 93%, specificity 77%) and less than 2 balls per repetition (sensitivity 93%, specificity 77%) were predictive of postoperative pulmonary complications.