This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of resistance training, core strengthening exercises, and vitamin D supplementation in reducing low back pain (LBP) among postmenopausal women.

Postmenopausal women are particularly susceptible to LBP due to physiological changes such as reduced estrogen levels, decreased muscle mass, and bone density. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted over six months in various clinical settings in Lahore, with a sample size of 36 participants, divided into two groups. The inclusion criteria focus on postmenopausal women aged 50-70 years experiencing LBP for at least three months and who are not currently taking vitamin D supplements. Data on pain intensity, functional disability, muscle strength, endurance, and vitamin D levels will be collected and analyzed to assess the interventions' impact. The study's findings could provide evidence-based recommendations for managing LBP in postmenopausal women, combining physical activity with nutritional supplementation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Postmenopausal women aged 50-70 years.
• Experiencing low back pain for at least 3 months.
• Capable of engaging in light to moderate physical exercise.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of spinal surgery.
• currently taking vitamin D supplements.
• Diagnosed with severe osteoporosis.
• Chronic use of pain medication that cannot be temporarily ceased.
• Current participation in another clinical trial.