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The goal of this observational study is to determine the efficacy of rivaroxaban treatment for intracardiac thrombi resolution in pediatric patients (< 16 years old) diagnosed with intracardiac thrombosis. The main question it aims to answer is: Does rivaroxaban treatment resolve the thrombosis during a 3-month treatment?
Participants already taking rivaroxaban as part of their regular medical care for thrombosis resolution. They will undergo monthly visits to check that the treatment is progressing correctly and that no major bleeding has occurred. After 3 months of treatment, they will repeat the radiological imaging investigation to verify the actual resolution of the thrombosis.
The Investigators will enroll all the consecutive pediatric patients (< 16 years old) treated with rivaroxaban (dosage based on patient's body weight - 0.9 mg/Kg/Day) due to intracardiac thrombosis (ICT) suspected by echocardiography and confirmed with cardiac computed tomography (CCT) or magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. All the participants will be treated with enoxaparin for 7 days before the rivaroxaban implementation. The treatment will last for 3 months.
The participants will undergo monthly visits to check that the treatment is progressing correctly and that no major bleeding has occurred. Bleeding severity will be assessed utilizing the Bleeding Assessment Scale in Critically Ill Children (BASIC). CCT/CMR will be repeated to confirm the thrombosis resolution. After 3 months of treatment, they will repeat the radiological imaging investigation to verify the effective resolution of the thrombosis, or it will be continued for another 3 months if there is no resolution of the thrombosis.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rivaroxaban | Drug | Oral anticoagulation |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Thrombus resolution | Rate of intracardiac thrombus resolution at CMR/CCT imaging | 3 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Bleeding | Rate of major bleeding utilizing the BASIC bleeding score | 3 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Pediatric patients (neonates and pediatrics) diagnosed with intracardiac thrombosis at any possible cardiac site (right/left ventricle, right/left atria, or auricola).
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francesco Bianco, M.D., Ph.D. | Contact | +39 071 5965283 | francesco.bianco@ospedaliriuniti.marche.it | |
| Valentina Bucciarelli, M.D., Ph.D. | Contact | +39 071 5965283 | valentina.bucciarelli@ospedaliriuniti.it |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Francesco Bianco, M.D., Ph.D. | AOU - Ospedali Riuniti Ancona | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCPC | Recruiting | Ancona | The Marches | 60123 | Italy |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8225659 | Background | Ozkutlu S, Ozbarlas N, Ozme S, Saraclar M, Gogus S, Demircin M. Intracardiac thrombosis diagnosed by echocardiography in childhood: predisposing and etiological factors. Int J Cardiol. 1993 Jul 15;40(3):251-6. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(93)90008-5. | |
| 20305543 | Background | Yang JY, Williams S, Brandao LR, Chan AK. Neonatal and childhood right atrial thrombosis: recognition and a risk-stratified treatment approach. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2010 Jun;21(4):301-7. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0b013e3283333c7c. |
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Upon request, the data will be shared depending on the requests
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000069552 | Rivaroxaban |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013876 | Thiophenes |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D009025 | Morpholines |
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| 31567407 | Background | Nellis ME, Tucci M, Lacroix J, Spinella PC, Haque KD, Stock A, Steiner ME, Faustino EVS, Zantek ND, Davis PJ, Stanworth SJ, Cholette JM, Parker RI, Demaret P, Kneyber MCJ, Russell RT, Stricker PA, Vogel AM, Willems A, Josephson CD, Luban NLC, Loftis LL, Leteurtre S, Stocker CF, Goobie SM, Karam O; Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network; and the Pediatric Critical Care Blood Research Network (BloodNet). Bleeding Assessment Scale in Critically Ill Children (BASIC): Physician-Driven Diagnostic Criteria for Bleeding Severity. Crit Care Med. 2019 Dec;47(12):1766-1772. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004025. |
| 31699660 | Background | Male C, Lensing AWA, Palumbo JS, Kumar R, Nurmeev I, Hege K, Bonnet D, Connor P, Hooimeijer HL, Torres M, Chan AKC, Kenet G, Holzhauer S, Santamaria A, Amedro P, Chalmers E, Simioni P, Bhat RV, Yee DL, Lvova O, Beyer-Westendorf J, Biss TT, Martinelli I, Saracco P, Peters M, Kallay K, Gauger CA, Massicotte MP, Young G, Pap AF, Majumder M, Smith WT, Heubach JF, Berkowitz SD, Thelen K, Kubitza D, Crowther M, Prins MH, Monagle P; EINSTEIN-Jr Phase 3 Investigators. Rivaroxaban compared with standard anticoagulants for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in children: a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Jan;7(1):e18-e27. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30219-4. Epub 2019 Nov 5. |
| 38193068 | Background | Agarwal S, Abdelghani E, Stanek JR, Sankar A, Cua CL, Kerlin BA, Rodriguez V. Intracardiac thrombi in pediatrics: anticoagulation approach and treatment outcomes. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2023 Nov 24;7(8):102266. doi: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102266. eCollection 2023 Nov. |
| 40628107 | Derived | Cappelletti D, Bianco F, Bucciarelli V, Raffaelli E, Bordignon L, Di Cesare G, Bucciarelli B, Bacchiocchi A, Manini C, Merlino E, Filippelli S, Lionetti ME. Comparison of rivaroxaban with warfarin for intracardiac thrombosis in the pediatric population at different cardiac sites: Early experience of anticoagulation approach and treatment outcomes. Thromb Res. 2025 Sep;253:109397. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2025.109397. Epub 2025 Jul 5. |
| D010078 |
| Oxazines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |